The present study is conducted to observe the early cellular events and histological maturity endodermal component of thymus. After ethical approval from institutional ethics committee 53 human fetuses were obtained from department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with permission of head of department and written informed consent from respective parents. The gestational age was determined by menstrual history and Crown Rump length (CRL). The specimen were dissected through parasternal incision and processed in paraffin. The sections were taken by rotary microtome. The slides were stained by Haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. Endoderm of thymus differentiate into epithelial cells which from cytoreticulum and Hassall’s corpuscles in medulla. Epithelial cells are first observed at 10th week. Hassall’s corpuscles appeared PAS positive. They are first observed at 12th week and increased in size and number with increase in gestational age.
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Study of Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Protein Energy Malnutrition in Less than Six Year Children in Field Practice Area of Rural Health Training Centre
Balaji V. Ukarande1*, A. S. Nagaonkar2, Nazia Khan
Study objectives: In spite of a large number of national programmes related to nutrition such as ICDS, mid-day meal, etc., about 6600 under-five children die every day, accounting to 46% child deaths due to protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in India, so considering the PEM , important nutritional problem and as ICDS, programme render the services to children less than six years of age, present study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status of children ageing less than six years of age residing in rural field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre of medical college. Methodology: Present study is cross-sectional, observational study in field-practice area and sample size was selected by simple random sampling method. Results: Overall prevalence of undernutrition in 0-72months (0-6 yrs) age group was 58.61%. Undernutrition was more in 49-60 months age group (70.21%) than other age group. Undernutrition was more among children whose mothers were illiterate or primary-secondry educated and less in higher and graduated, this difference was highly significant (χ25=362.93, p<0.001). Undernutrition was highest among children belonging to unemployed fathers, least in children whose fathers were owner and cultivators (χ24=272, p<0.0001).Proportion of undernutrition was highest in class V socio-economic-category children, where as lowest in children belonging to class I category. It is also clear that as socio-economic-status increases proportion of undernutrition decreases which was statistically highly significant. (χ24 =141, p<0.001). Conclusion: In spite of various schemes for children to decrease malnutrition, still the PEM is high in the study area; an integrated approach is required to curb this problem.
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3. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) & ORC MACRO: National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06: India 2007. Mumbai: IIPS
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13. Joshi HS, Joshi MC, Singh A, Determinants Of Protein Energy Malnutrition(PEM) In 0-6 Years Children In Rural Community Of Bareilly. IndianJ.Prev.Soc.Med.2011 Apr; 42(2):154-158.
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23. Baitun N, Tahmeed A, Brown KH et al , Risk Factors Associated with Severe Underweight among Young Children Reporting to a Diarrhoea Treatment Facility in Bangladesh. J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2010 Oct; 28(5):476-483.
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25. Ehtisham A, Khalil S,Nutritional Status In Children (1-5yrs)-A Rural Study. Indian Journal of Community Health2011Jul;23(2):84-86. Joshi HS, Joshi MC, Singh A, Determinants Of Protein Energy Malnutrition(PEM) In 0-6 Years Children In Rural Community Of Bareilly. IndianJ.Prev.Soc.Med.2011 Apr; 42(2):154-158
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Electromyographic Activity of Masticatory Muscles in Different Skeletal Profiles
Introduction: Effects of activity of facial and masticatory muscles on facial morphology is important to understand the normal growth and morphological abnormalities If muscle function plays a role in the development, abnormal muscle function explain’s certain abnormalities of facial morphology and certain forms of malocclusion. The present study is designed to know the activity of masticatory muscles in different skeletal facial profiles. Method: Fifteen subjects were selected who have acceptable occlusion and classified into Class I, Class II , Class III groups based on their cephalometric landmarks. Electromyographic recording of Masseter, Temporalis and Orbicularis Oris muscles were carried out and the activity of the muscles was correlated with their skeletal profiles. Results: Activity of the right and left muscles have not differed much. Postural EMG activity for masseter and Temporalis muscles were higher in class II subjects than in class I and class III subjects. Activity was lower in class I when compared to class II and class III. Orbicularis oris muscle activity is least in class II subjects during swallowing. High correlations between electromyographic activity and ANB angle were observed. Conclusion: Clear correlations were found between the shape of the face and the activity of the masticatory muscles.
A Prospective Study on Efficacy of Oral Iron in Comparison with Intravenous Iron Sucrose in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women in a Rural Scenario
Objectives: To determine the current prevalence and severity of iron deficiency anemia in a rural scenario and to document the response to oral iron supplementation in comparison to intravenous iron sucrose for better efficacy, compliance and safety in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Methods: This comparative study was conducted at rural medical hospital in Karnataka, India during the period November 2010 to October 2012. 80 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomized into either of the two groups, 40 to the oral iron group and 40 to the IV iron group and the improvement of hemoglobin was recorded meticulously. Comparison between the two groups was done based on the initial Hb, the total dose of iron required, the side effects and the final Hb. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: The following observations were made from this study age of patients ranged from 19-35years. Samples are age matched with P= 1.000. Majority of the anemic women in this study belonged to the age group of 20-25years.Majority of the women belonged to SE class II. SES distribution is statistically similar in two groups with p=1.000. In this study, anemia was equally common in Primi-gravida and multigravidas. Parity distribution is statistically similar in both groups with P=0.369. Majority of anemic patients in this study belonged to gestational age of 14-29weeks. Mean Gestational age is statistically similar in two groups with P = 0.408. Mean body weight is statistically significantly less Oral Rx group P = 0.017*. Levels of initial hemoglobin is statistically similar in two groups studied with P=0.624. MCV <70 is more associated with IV Rx group of patients with P=0.096+. Majority of the women in this study had a microcytic hypochromic smear picture. Distribution of PS is statistically similar in both groups with P=0.845. Mean total drug required(TDR) is significantly more in IV Rx group (881.50) when compared to Oral Rx Group (856.98) with P=0.149. Levels of Final Hb is statistically significantly less in Oral Rx group of patients than in the IV group with p=0.001**. Conclusion: This study was attempted to analyze the safety and efficacy of oral iron in comparison to IV iron on the hematological parameters in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. This study confirms that IV iron caused a rapid and effective improvement in the hematological parameters when compared to oral iron. In our country, with a higher incidence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy, especially in a rural scenario, this type of treatment may be helpful in management of these patients in a cost-effective manner. Following a rigorous research and evaluation iron sucrose has established its full place and potential and may be the solution.
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Evaluation of Amiodarone for Its Effect on Glucose Metabolism in Euglycemic Albino Wistar Rats
Objective: To evaluate the effect of amiodarone on glucose levels in albino wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided in to test group (amiodarone) and control group (distilled water) of six animals each. They were given test drug i.e amiodarone 180mg/kg and distilled water 5ml/ rat respectively for a period of 5 days. On 5th day OGTT (slightly modified) was performed and cbg values were recorded at 0 min, 60min and 150 min respectively. Results and Discussion: The cbg values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in test group at all the time intervals thereby indicating that amiodarone has hyperglycemic activity in the albino wistar rats. Conclusion: Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of amiodarone in humans and it should be used with caution in diabetics patients.
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Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Taekwondo Players
Background: Excellence in a combat sport like Taekwondo relies on the ability to execute a technique with enough force in as little time as possible. Hence reaction time, speed and agility are essential in these practitioners. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the Auditory and Visual Reaction time in Taekwondo players and compare it with non athletes. Method: Reaction time was measured with the response analyzer in trained taekwondo practitioners and non athletes. Results: The practitioners of Taekwondo responded significantly earlier to both auditory and visual stimuli. Conclusion: It can be concluded that shorter reaction time in these players is beneficial as it would prevent them from opponent attacks and help them to score better. Training to achieve a suitable reaction time can significantly influence performance especially during competitions.
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Uterine Artery Embolization in the Management of Undiagnosed Genital Bleeding
This is a case report of a case of post abortal bleeding with hepatic dysfunction with coagulopathy. The lady presented primarily as uncontrollable post abortal bleeding with severe anaemia and coagulopathy. The recent history of her check curettage in view of her having incomplete abortion was the only clinching factor for the diagnosis. She had AV malformation in the uterus which got stimulated for bleed due to the check curettage which was done. Hence as life saving procedure uterine artery embolization was performed on this lady successfully. This is exceptional case where uterine artery embolization was performed in a clinically unstable patient.
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Retrospective Study of Eclampsia in a Teaching Hospital
Eclampsia is one of the major cause of both maternal and perinatal mortality in India. Retrospective study of eclampsia was done in our hospital from Jan-2011 to Jun-2013 Over a period of 2 ½ year to know the incidence, clinical profile and current management of eclampsia patients along with maternal and perinatal outcome. Analysis of case records of all eclampsia patients admitted to our hospital from Jan-2011 to Jun-2013 was done. Incidence of eclampsia was found to be 2.19/1000 deliveries. Eclampsia is a disease of young women between 19-24 years (79%) and primigravida (67%). Majority of them had convulsions before the onset of labour (87%). Eclampsia occurs most commonly at term gestation. Most of them had mild-moderate hypertension at the time of convulsion. Majority had vaginal delivery (63%) with current intervention, there were no maternal deaths. Perinatal mortality was 300/1000 live births. The current intervention for eclampsia is effective in reducing maternal mortality but management of perinatal outcome still needs improvement.
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Effect of Alpha-Methyl-P-Tyrosine Pretreatment on Stereotyped Behaviour Induced by Lamotrigine, Apomorphine, Dexamphetamine in Rats
Shinde A. R., Thorat V. M., Jadhav S.A., Balsara J. J., Shinde R. V.
Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine by inhibing tyrosine hydroxylase, decreases the synthesis of dopamine (DA) in the nigrostriatal DAergic neurons so less DA is available for release from these neurons. Lamotrigine(LTG), Dexamphetamine(DAM) and Apomorphine (APO) produce SB directly by stimulating DA receptors or indirectly by releasing DA from nigrostriatal DAergic neurons .Our aim is to study the effect of pretreatment of alpha methyl P tyrosine(AMT) on SB induced by LTG,DAM and APO in rats. Albino rats of either sex (120-180 g) were used by random distribution in group of 10 animals each. Intensity of SB is assessed by Costall and Naylor scoring system. Our results indicate that pretreatment with 100 mg/kg AMT significantly antagonised the SB induced by 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg lamotrigine. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg AMT abolished the SB induced by 5 mg/kg lamotrigine and significantly antagonised the SB induced by 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg lamotrigine. Pretreatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg AMT significantly antagonised the SB induced by 5 and 10 mg/kg dexamphetamine. Pretreatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg AMT did not significantly influence the intensity of SB induced by 1.5 and 3 mg/kg apomorphine.
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Protein carbonylation, Lipid peroxidation and serum alpha Tocopherol activity in Preeclampsia
Hypertensive disorders are the most common medical complication of pregnancy and are important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The etiology of preeclampsia has always remained elusive. More recently, antioxidants have been proposed as a potential preventive strategy on the basis of data suggesting that endothelial dysfunction is fundamental to the development of preeclampsia as a result of increased oxidative stress and deficiency of antioxidant protection. In this context the present study was undertaken to evaluate the intensity of oxidative stress and to investigate a possible correlation between oxidative stress, antioxidant status and severity of preeclampsia. A case control study was performed on 50 normal pregnant and 50 diagnosed preeclamptic women age and trimester matched. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Protein Carbonyls (PCO)and Vitamin E(Vit E) were estimated in the serum of all subjects. Statistically significant increase in levels of PCO (p< 0.0001), MDA (p <0.0001) and decrease in Vit E (p<0.0001) were observed in preeclamptic women as compared to normal controls. A negative correlation between oxidative stress markers (MDA, PCO) and Vit E and positive correlation between oxidative stress markers (MDA, PCO) and blood pressure was observed in preeclamptic women. Increased MDA, PCO and decreased Vit E suggests an imbalance between the oxidative stress and antioxidant status which supports the hypothesis that the oxidative stress is an important causative factor in pathogenesis of preeclampsia and supplementation with antioxidant vitamin may benefit the preeclamptic mothers.
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25. Krishna MS, Venkataramana G. Status of Lipid Peroxidation, Glutathione, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin E And Antioxidant Enzymes In Patients With Pregnancy– Induced Hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;51(3):284-88.
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Doppler Study of Uterine and Cubital Artery in Normal Pregnancy, Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction – Evidence for Systemic Vessel Involvement
Hypertensive disorders are among the commonest medical disorders during pregnancy and continue to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. In this study, 30 women with no pregnancy complication, 30 with preeclampsia and 30 with intrauterine growth restriction were included. The present study included 90 cases over a period of one year. Doppler sonography of placental uterine, non – placental uterine and cubital artery was carried out. It was observed that, the mean pulsatality index at the placental uterine artery, non placental uterine artery and cubital artery is significantly higher in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction group. Key words: Pregnancy induced hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, Doppler velocimetry.
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Effect of Sudarshankriya Yoga on Cardiorespiratory Parameters
Somwanshi S. D., Handergulle S. M., Adgaonkar B. D.3, Kolpe D. V.
Objective: The present study is done to determine the effect of Sudarshankriya Yoga on heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and respiratory rate. Material and Methods: About 30 subjects (cases) underwent the practice of Sudarsharkriya Yoga for 12 weeks. Above cardio respiratory parameters were measured before and after the practice of Sudarshankriya Yoga. Comparative analysis is done for the effect of 12 weeks of yoga practice on these parameters. Results: Sudarshankriya yoga showed statistically significant decrease in the values of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure as well as respiratory rate after 12 weeks of practice. Conclusion: The mechanism involved is by creating balance in autonomic nervous system functions by parasympathetic dominance and decreased sympathetic drive.
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Normative Values for Nerve Conduction Study among healthy subjects from Aurangabad, INDIA
Shaikh Shahabuddin, DaimiSayad Badar, Khan Md Moizuddin, L. B. Sami3, Solepure A. B
Aim: The aim of our study is to establish the normal electrophysiological values of the common nerves in upper and lower limb and to study the influence of age and height on conduction velocity in healthy adult subjects. Material and Method: The study was conducted in MGM Medical College, a tertiary care center in city of Aurangabad, India. A total of 90 healthy volunteers, 45 males and 45 females aged 20 years and above were selected after clinical evaluation to exclude systemic or neuromuscular disorders. Anthropometric measurements were done using a standard protocol. Nerve Conduction Study was carried out according to a standardized protocol. Motor NCS included the Median, Peroneal and Tibial nerves. Sensory NCS included the Ulnar, Median, and Sural nerves. Results: The NCS data was separately analyzed for males and females. The mean along with standard deviation (SD) for latencies, amplitude and velocities of Sural sensory, Ulnar sensory and Median sensory nerves for males and females is obtained. Similarly the means with SD of the latencies, amplitudes and velocities of the Ulnar motor, Median motor, Peroneal motor and Tibial motor nerves were obtained. Also the NCS parameters at various percentiles were obtained. Linear regression models show the inverse association of Age and Height with NCS parameter in males and females. The model also gave the coefficient by which the NCS parameters change for unit change in Age (Year) or Height (Cm). Conclusion: The study will be helpful in establishing normative values of nerve conduction parameters of the commonly tested nerves in the upper and lower limb for our region. The mean nerve conduction parameters for all the nerves were similar with the existing data from different Indian studies. In general Age and Height had inverse relation with NCS parameters.
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7. Pawar SM, Taksande AB, Singh R. Normative data of upper limb nerve conduction in Central India. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology[Internet].2011;55(3):241–5.Availablefrom: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22471231
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Epidemiological Study of Dog Bite Cases Reported at ARV Clinic of Rural Hospital Panvel in Raigad District of Maharashtra, INDIA
Virendra Wankhede, Prasad Waingankar, Seema Anjenaya, B. T. Telang
Introduction: Rabies is almost always fatal in animals or in humans those do not receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Thedog-bites are the primary source of human infection in all rabies endemic countries and account for 96 % of rabies cases in South East Asia region. The present study has been conducted at a Rural Hospital Panvel (India) situated in rapidly urbanizing are aimed to know the epidemiology of dog bites. Methodology: All the patients who reported at Anti Rabies Vaccine (ARV) clinic with complaints of dog bite during the period of three months (September - November 2012) were included in this study for data collection by exit interview method.The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, Epiinfo and SPSS. Results and Discussion: Total 318 dog bite cases were reported to ARV clinic during the period of 3 months. Majority were males (80.2%). More than 30% patients were in the age group of 26 to 45 years while 27.8% patients were children below 15 years. More than 70 % dog bites have taken place while victims were walking on the road. More than 97% of the bites were unprovoked and by stray dogs. Out of 318 victims, 164 (51.6 %) had knowledge about benefit of immediate cleaning of the wound. Proportion of using home remedies is negligible compared with other earlier studies. More than 88 % patients reported within 24 hours. Most of the study findings are consistent with earlier studies conducted in India with some variations. Conclusion and Recommendations: It is necessary to improve knowledge level in the local population further, about the immediate cleaning of the wound by using the means of behaviour change communication methods. The civic authorities need to resort to control of stray dogs. The establishment of surveillance for dog bite cases will definitely help.
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A Perception of Maternal Mortality among Women in an Urban Slum Area of South India
Keerti S. Jogdand, Pravin N. Yerpude, Mohini Jogdand
Introduction: Every pregnant woman hopes pregnancy to be a smooth process and expect to give birth safely as pregnancy and child birth is considered a normal physiological process. But, this is not happening at least in developing countries including India.In the year 2010, global maternal deaths per 100,000 live births i.e. maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was estimated to be 210. Objective: To determine perception of maternal mortality among women in an urban slum area of South India. Materials and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban slum area of south India among 378 women above 20 yrs of age. Using semi-structured questionnaire answers to questions on perception of maternal mortality in the community were elicited from the study participants. The data was analysed using the SPSS program 14. Results: The majority (35.98%) of the study subjects were in the age group 31-40 years followed by 28.31% study subjects in the age group of 21-30. 34.14 % study subjects were educated upto intermediate and 22.22 % were educated upto secondary level. 95.50 % of the study subjects aware that death can occur from pregnancy-related problems. 73.81% subjects stated that excessive vaginal bleeding was a possible cause of death followed by high BP as possible cause of death in 21.96% study subjects. Conclusion: In order to reduce the high rate of maternal mortality, health education programs on prevention of maternal deaths and morbidities directed towards at risk women need to be improved.As most of the decisions in families were taken by the men,their participation is also very important.
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Results of Defect Augmentation with Tricalcium Phosphate in Tibial Plateau Fractures
Supradeeptha C., Sudhir M. Shandilya, Siva Reddy, Vikram Kumar Kadiam
Reduction of the depressed joint surface in tibial plateau fractures leaves large cancellous bone defects. These metaphyseal defects are usually filled with autogenous bone grafts that cause significant donor site morbidity. The use of injectable tricalcium phosphate gives the opportunity to support the reduced joint surface without bone grafting. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of closed/open reduction and internal fixation, augmentation with injectable tricalcium phosphate in tibial plateau fractures. Methods: This prospective study includes 20 patients, with mean age of 44.4 years. According to the Schatzker’s classification, there were 12 fractures of type II, one fracture of type III, five fractures of type V, and two of type VI. Intervention: All the patients underwent closed/ open reduction, osteosynthesis with screws or plate, and injection of tricalcium phosphate injection in the subchondral bone defect. The patients were reviewed at an average follow up of 15.35 months (range 6-28 months). Rasmussen’s clinical and radiological score was used to assess the patients post-operatively and during follow-up period. Results: Union was achieved in all patients. Rasmussen's radiologic score was excellent in 2 patients (10%), good in 17 patients (85%), and fair in 1 patient (5%). Rasmussen’s clinical score was excellent in 6 patients (30%), good in 13 patients (65%), and fair in 1 patient (5%). Conclusion: The results show that injectable tricalcium phosphate is a safe and useful alternative to bone grafting in tibial plateau fractures which have high compression strength and allows early partial and full weight bearing.
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A Study of Pulmonary Function: ‘Children versus Young Adults’ in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Introduction: Pulmonary Function Tests are used to measure base¬line status of respiratory function, to monitor treatment and to estimate prognosis. The present study was aimed to determine pulmonary function tests values and to compare the different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75%, PEFR in children and young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the pulmonary function tests in selected children and young adults, belonging to rural area of Guntur district. Fifty male subjects were considered for the study and divided them into two groups basing on the age. Pulmonary function tests were done with the help of Computerized Spirometer. Different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75% and PEFR were recorded. Results and Discussion: Increase of FVC of 153.49%, FEV1 of 133.33%, FEF25-75% of 80.54%, ERV of 84.78% and PEFR of 94.35% was observed in young adults, when compared to children. Statistical significance was obtained by using t test (P<0.001). Among the parameters studied, FVC and FEV1 showed a greater increase in young adults than the remaining parameters, when compared with children. Conclusion: In the current study, pulmonary function test values of children and young adults, a marked increase was observed in all the five parameters, from childhood to adulthood as per the body needs of oxygen. It is important to understand the improvement of pulmonary function test values with age among young adults, in interpretation of pulmonary function variations in different physiological and pathological settings.
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During the month of Ramadan, Muslims refrain from drinking and eating between sunrise and sunset. This study is aimed to understand the effect of this long intermittent fasting schedule during Ramadan on body composition, and cardiovascular system in healthy young adults. Fifty healthy adults were included and were all tested before and on the 28th day of the Ramadan fast. The parameters studied were body composition, blood pressure and heart rate before and towards the end of the fasting. Significant changes were observed in the form of decreased body weight, Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip Ratio, body fat percentage, blood pressure and heart rate. Dominance of the sympathetic nervous system over the parasympathetic nervous system has been shown to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Weight loss has a positive effect on this balance and is associated with significant improvement in autonomic cardiac modulation through enhancement of parasympathetic effect. This increase in vagal tone has shown its effects on the blood pressure and heart rate in this study. At the cellular level fasting reduces the levels of oxidative stress at the same time it acts as repeated mild stress that induces expression of genes that enhance the ability of cells to cope with more severe stress. The effect of fasting on cardiovascular function should be further explored to recognize fasting as a potential non-pharmacological intervention for improving cardiovascular health.
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Determination of Various Sociodemographic Factors Affecting Anemia in Pregnancy
Objective: Many sociodemographic factors are responsible for anemia in pregnancy such as age, parity, spacing, percapita income, number of ANC visits, educational status, dietary habits, occupation, type of family. We studied socio-demographic factors affecting anemia in pregnancy. Design: a cross sectional study. Setting: tertiary-care referral hospital. Participants: All the pregnant patients admitted in the hospital whose hemoglobin less than 10gm% were included in the anemic group and whose hemoglobin above 10 gm% were included in non anemic group. Intervention: detailed history which included various sociodemographic factors was taken; their association with anemia in pregnancy was studied. Outcome Measures: factors such as age, parity, spacing, percapita income, number of ANC visits, educational status, dietary habits, occupation, type of family and association with anemia in pregnancy. Results: 144 patients with hemoglobin <10gm% were included in the anemic group. 122 patients with hemoglobin more than or equal to 10gm% were taken as non anemic group. In Anemic group 90.97% of the patients were from lower socioeconomic class 3 and class 4. Only 09 (06.25%) patients from anemic group had more than 4 antenatal checkups, whereas in non anemic group 118(96.72%) cases out of 122 had more than 4 antenatal checkups. Conclusions: we found that anemia in pregnancy was more common in multiparous women, less birth spacing, lower income, number of ANC visits <4, low educational status, poor calorie intake and with vegetarian diet, but some factors like age, occupation and type of family had no correlation with anemia in pregnancy.
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Correlation of Diabetic Retinopathy with Serum Lipids
Smita Dileep Javadekar, Sindal Deokrishna, Karambelkar V. H., Pooja Agrawal
Aim: To find out the Correlation of Diabetic retinopathy with serum lipids in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Settings and Design: Cross sectional nonrandomized study. Materials and Methods: 311 patients with more than 5 years of Type 2 diabetes were assessed for presence and severity of retinopathy and were co related with age, sex, duration of DM and serum lipids. Diabetic Retinopathy was diagnosed by fundus examination and classified according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading system. Results: Overall 76.5% (238) had DR and 23.5% (73) had no Diabetic Retinopathy. The mean serum cholesterol (P<0.05), serum triglycerides (P <0.05) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (P <0.05) concentrations were higher in subjects with Diabetic Retinopathy compared with those without Diabetic Retinopathy. Significant association of triglycerides (P< 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Significant association is found of dyslipidaemia with Diabetic Retinopathy and CSME.
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Orbital cysticercosis is a less common presentation of cysticercal infestation. Diagnosis is primarily by CT and MRI investigations. High resolution ultrasound is rarely used in the diagnosis. Patients can be managed conservatively with antihelminths and steroids. We present the case of a 10 years old girl presenting with proptosis of left eye and was diagnosed as extraocular orbital cysticercosis involving the inferior rectus muscle on high-resolution ultrasound and managed conservatively with antihelminths.
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Variations of Dermatoglyphic Features in Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Background: Man has always wondered about the significance of the peculiar arrangement of ridges on the volar aspect of palm and sole. The knowledge of dermatoglyphics is thousands of years old as evident from the stone carvings found at the edge of Kejimkoojik Lake in Nova Scotia and the walls of Neolithic burial passages found on the island of Brittany. The ancient Indian literature also describes various patterns as Chakra, Shankh and Padma. With the emergence of civilization, this interest was replaced by methodological and scientific study of these patterns.As dermatoglyphic features are strongly affected by genetic and environmental factors, the idea of using it as supportive evidence in the diagnosis of hereditary disorders becomes a reality. Objective: Present study intends to evaluate the relationship between dermatoglyphic features and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Material and method: Dermatoglyphic prints of one hundred non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients ( 50 male and 50 females) were taken for studyand compared with equal number of prints of healthy controls (50 males and 50 females). In this study fingertip patterns, Atd angle, a-b ridge count and C line type parameters were studied. Result: In diabeticpatientsfrequency of whorls is significantly increased;while frequency of ulnar loops is significantly decreased in cases as compared to controls. Arches and radial loops showed no significant changes.Atd angle showed no significant difference. A-b ridge count is significantly decreased in diabetics. C line type also showed significant difference in cases and controls.
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Objectives: To study thyroid hormone status of normal pregnant women in each trimester and compare it with non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal type of study. Serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were estimated by ELISA technique in normal pregnant women (n=60) in each trimester and compared with age matched control (n=60). Results: We found significant increase in T3 and T4 level in 1st trimester (P<0.01) when compared to control group. In 2nd trimester values increased further (P<0.01) and in 3rd trimester increase was statistically highly significant (P<0.001). We observed decreased TSH level in 1st trimester (P<0.01) when compared to control group. In 2nd trimester values increased further but difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In 3rd trimester there was statistically significant rise in values when compared to control group. Conclusion: Interpretation of thyroid function test in pregnancy needs care and separate reference intervals should be used.
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Aim and introduction: Today in India, with increasing level of education and living standard, the prevalence and severity of myopia appear to be an upward trend. High incidence and progression rates of myopia have been reported in individuals who spend long hours in near work activity. Besides several other factors, possible genetic factor and occurrence of myopia was also determined. Material and method: The present study was carried on 222 MBBS students of NKP Salve Medical Collage and government medical collage Nagpur. Student completed questionnaire that include age, sex, age of appearance of refractive error, parent history, reading hours, computer using, television watching, playing videogame, scoring in common entrance, extra achievement in carrier and sport. Data was analyzed using SPSS frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation was calculated accordingly. Chi-square test was applied wherever applicable and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Assessing genetic component, 81(66.39%) myopic student parent show positive family history whereas 41 myopic student parent, (33.60%) did not have positive family history. Statistically it showed strong significant relationship. (P= 0.001). Average continuous reading hours of myopic student were about 25hrs/ wk and 10hrs/ wk for emmetropic student. It was statistically significant (P=0.001). Strong significant association was found in myopic student for scoring achievement in carrier other than regular study as compared to emmetropic (P=0.001). Total hours of work on computer, watching television and playing video games were statistically significant for myopic. Conclusion: Myopia is a predominant refractive error among the first year medical students. Majority of myopic students score highest marks in common entrance, achievement in carrier other than syllabus study. The prevalence of myopia shows association with computer, videogame and TV. Majority of the parents of myopic medical students are also found to be myopic.
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A Study of Efficacy of Misoprostol in Early Pregnancy Loss
R. P. Patange, Dileep P. Javadekar, Archana Rokade
This study aims to assess the efficacy of misoprostol in the management of missed miscarriage and anembryonic pregnancy. Data of 123 consecutive women with early pregnancy loss treated with medical method were collected prospectively in rural medical college hospital. Each woman received 600µg of misoprostol vaginally. Three hours following the first dose second dose was given if necessary. Women that failed to pass products of conception or had incomplete abortion on ultrasound scan were offered surgical evacuation. Success was defined as complete uterine evacuation within 12 hours on ultrasound scan, without need for surgical evacuation. Results: The overall success rate of medical management was 89.43%.the median dose of misoprostol required was 1200µg.and the median induction miscarriage interval after first dose of Misoprostal was 7.1±3.5 hours (range 6-10hrs) In 13 women medical method failed. Side effects were less common and mild.
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Double Inlet Left Ventricle - A Case Report
Vrushali V. Nikade, Saurabh P. Kulkarni, Sanjay K. Shivapuje†, M. V. Ambiye
Double inlet left ventricle is a very rare congenital anomaly which occurs in about 5 - 10 of 100,000 live births. Only the left ventricle of heart is developed properly and both atrial chambers carry blood into this ventricle. This means that oxygen-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor blood. The mixture is then pumped into both the body and the lungs. The problem most likely occurs early in the pregnancy, when the baby's heart develops. However, the exact cause of DILV is unknown. We are presenting here a case of 2 year old child with single ventricle having left ventricular morphology diagnosed by echocardiography. Great vessels were transposed and pulmonary artery was stenosed.
1. Perloff JK., Marelli AJ, Clinical recognition of congenital heart disease,Sixth edition, Elsevier Inc., 2012.
2. Cincinnatichildrens. Single ventricle anomalies and fontan circulation http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sv/
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4. Double inlet left ventricle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medlineplus.html
A Comparative Study of Pulmonary Function Tests in Children and Adolescents, in a Rural Area of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Venkata Venu Gopala Raju S., Madhu Babu K., Chaitanya G.
Introduction: Pulmonary Function Tests are used to measure base¬line status of respiratory function, to monitor treatment and to estimate prognosis. The present study was aimed to determine pulmonary function tests values and to compare the different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75%, PEFR in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the pulmonary function tests in selected children and adolescents, belonging to rural area of Guntur district. Fifty male subjects were considered for the study and divided them into two groups basing on the age, who are in good health and without any signs and symptoms of disease. Pulmonary function tests were done with the help of Computerized Spirometer. Different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75% and PEFR were recorded. Results and Discussion: Increase of FEV1 of 93.58%, FVC of 105%, ERVof 67.39%, FEF25-75% of 52.03%, PEFR of 46.19% was observed in adolescents, when compared to children. Statistical significance was obtained by using t test (P<0.001). Among the parameters studied, FVC showed a greater increase (i.e. 105%) in adolescents than the remaining parameters when compared with children. Conclusion: In the current study, Pulmonary function test values of children and adolescents, a marked increase was observed in all the five parameters, from childhood to adolescence as per the body needs of oxygen. It is important to understand the improvement of Pulmonary function test values with age among adolescents, in interpretation of PFT variations in different clinical settings.
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Histogenesis of Endodermal Component of Human Fetal Thymus
Bashir Khan, Vinaram Rukhmode, Sanobar Shaikh, Chhaya Diwan
The present study is conducted to observe the early cellular events and histological maturity endodermal component of thymus. After ethical approval from institutional ethics committee 53 human fetuses were obtained from department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology with permission of head of department and written informed consent from respective parents. The gestational age was determined by menstrual history and Crown Rump length (CRL). The specimen were dissected through parasternal incision and processed in paraffin. The sections were taken by rotary microtome. The slides were stained by Haematoxylin and eosin and Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains. Endoderm of thymus differentiate into epithelial cells which from cytoreticulum and Hassall’s corpuscles in medulla. Epithelial cells are first observed at 10th week. Hassall’s corpuscles appeared PAS positive. They are first observed at 12th week and increased in size and number with increase in gestational age.
1. Arey LB. Developmental anatomy. 6th ed. Philadelphia and London: WB Saunders company: 21-23, 234-236, 1956 2. Moore KL, Persaud TVN. The developing human. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.: 96-167, 2008 3. Standring S, Borely NR, Collins P, Crossman AR, Gatzzoulis MA, Healy JC, Johnson D, Mahadevan V, Newell RLM, Wigley CB. Gray’s Anatomy; 40th ed.; Chrchill Livingstone Elsevier:945-949, 2008 4. Savino w, Lemos G. Histophysiology of thymic epithelial reticular cells: Arch. histol. jap., Vol. 45, No. 2. 139-144, (1982) 5. Hamilton WJ and Mossman HW: Hamilton, Boyd and Mossman’s Human embryology. 4th ed London; The Macmillan Press Ltd.:291-376, 1976 6. Ajita RK, Singh TN, Singh YI and Singh LC. An insight into the structure of the thymus in human foetus – a histological approach. Journal of Anatomical society of India; 55(1): 45-49, 2006 7. Hayward AR. Myoid cells in the human fetal thymus. J. Path;. 106:45-48. 1972. 8. Von Gaudecker B, Muller-Hermelink HK. Ontogeny and organization of the stationary non-lymphoid cells in the human thymus. Cell Tissue Res.;207(2):287-306, 1980 9. Fawcett DW: A Text Book of Histology In: Thymus 12th ed. London: Chapman and Hall:432-434, 1994. 10. Glihus NE, Matre R and Tonder O. Hassal’s corpuscles in the thymus of foetuses, infants and children: immunological and histochemical aspects. Thymus;7(2):123-135, 1985. 11. Ghali WM, Abdel-Rahman S, Nagib M and Mahran ZY. Intrinsic innervations and vasculature of pre-and post natal human thymus. Acta Anat 108:115-123, 1980. 12. Sawant SP. Development of thymus. Abstract in: Journal Of Anatomical society of India: vol. 52 (1); 2003. 13. Baxter JS.Frazers manual of embryology. 3rd edition, Bailliere Tindall and Cox. London,:244, 1956 14. Lobach DF and Haynes BF: Ontogeny of the human thymus during fetal development.J. of clinical immunol; (7):81-97, 1987. 15. Bodey B, Kaiser HE. Development of the Hassal’s bodies of the thymus in humans and other vertebrates (especially mammals) under physiological and pathological conditions: immunocytochemical, electronmicroscopic and in vitro observations. In Vivo. Jan-Feb;11(1):61-85, 1997. 16. Liberti EA, Fagundas TP, Perito MA, Matson E, Konig Junior B. On the size oh Hassal’s corpuscles in human foetuses. Bull Assoc Anat (Nancy). Sep;78(242):15-8, 1994 17. Bodey B, Calvo W, Prummer O, Fliender TM, Borysenko M. Development histogenesis of the thymus in dog. A light and electron microscopical study. Dev Comp Immunol, Winter;11(1):227-238, 1987.
Study of Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Protein Energy Malnutrition in Less than Six Year Children in Field Practice Area of Rural Health Training Centre
Balaji V. Ukarande1*, A. S. Nagaonkar2, Nazia Khan
Study objectives: In spite of a large number of national programmes related to nutrition such as ICDS, mid-day meal, etc., about 6600 under-five children die every day, accounting to 46% child deaths due to protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in India, so considering the PEM , important nutritional problem and as ICDS, programme render the services to children less than six years of age, present study was undertaken to assess the nutritional status of children ageing less than six years of age residing in rural field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre of medical college. Methodology: Present study is cross-sectional, observational study in field-practice area and sample size was selected by simple random sampling method. Results: Overall prevalence of undernutrition in 0-72months (0-6 yrs) age group was 58.61%. Undernutrition was more in 49-60 months age group (70.21%) than other age group. Undernutrition was more among children whose mothers were illiterate or primary-secondry educated and less in higher and graduated, this difference was highly significant (χ25=362.93, p<0.001). Undernutrition was highest among children belonging to unemployed fathers, least in children whose fathers were owner and cultivators (χ24=272, p<0.0001).Proportion of undernutrition was highest in class V socio-economic-category children, where as lowest in children belonging to class I category. It is also clear that as socio-economic-status increases proportion of undernutrition decreases which was statistically highly significant. (χ24 =141, p<0.001). Conclusion: In spite of various schemes for children to decrease malnutrition, still the PEM is high in the study area; an integrated approach is required to curb this problem.
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Electromyographic Activity of Masticatory Muscles in Different Skeletal Profiles
Srikanth Gunturu, Sushmitha R. Tauro
Introduction: Effects of activity of facial and masticatory muscles on facial morphology is important to understand the normal growth and morphological abnormalities If muscle function plays a role in the development, abnormal muscle function explain’s certain abnormalities of facial morphology and certain forms of malocclusion. The present study is designed to know the activity of masticatory muscles in different skeletal facial profiles. Method: Fifteen subjects were selected who have acceptable occlusion and classified into Class I, Class II , Class III groups based on their cephalometric landmarks. Electromyographic recording of Masseter, Temporalis and Orbicularis Oris muscles were carried out and the activity of the muscles was correlated with their skeletal profiles. Results: Activity of the right and left muscles have not differed much. Postural EMG activity for masseter and Temporalis muscles were higher in class II subjects than in class I and class III subjects. Activity was lower in class I when compared to class II and class III. Orbicularis oris muscle activity is least in class II subjects during swallowing. High correlations between electromyographic activity and ANB angle were observed. Conclusion: Clear correlations were found between the shape of the face and the activity of the masticatory muscles.
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Electromyographic activity of masticatory, neck and trunk muscles of subjects with different skeletal facial morphology-a cross-sectional evaluation. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Jul;34(7):478-86. 7. Rowlerson A, Raoul G, Daniel Y, Close J, Maurage CA, Ferri J, Sciote JJ. Fiber-type differences in masseter muscle associated with different facial morphologies. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005 Jan;127(1):37-46. 8. Lim D, Beitzel F, Lynch G, Woods MG. Myosin heavy chain isoform composition of human masseter muscle from subjects with different mandibular plane angles. Aust Orthod J. 2006 Nov;22(2):105-14. 9. Throckmorton GS, Ellis E 3rd, Buschang PH. Morphologic and biomechanical correlates with maximum bite forces in orthognathic surgery patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000 May;58(5):515-24. 10. GarcÃa-Morales P, Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS, English JD. Maximum bite force, muscle efficiency and mechanical advantage in children with vertical growth patterns. Eur J Orthod. 2003 Jun;25(3):265-72. 11. van Spronsen PH, Weijs WA, van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Jaw muscle orientation and moment arms of long-face and normal adults. J Dent Res. 1996 Jun;75(6):1372-80. 12. van Spronsen PH. Masticatory muscles. Part V. Geometry of the masticatory muscles and cranial morphology. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 1997 Oct;104(10):373-6. 13. Pancherz H. Activity of the temporal and masseter muscles in class II, division 1 malocclusions. An electromyographic investigation. Am J Orthod. 1980 Jun;77(6):679-88. 14. Antonini G, Colantonio L, Macretti N, Lenzi GL. Electromyographic findings in Class II division 2 and Class III malocclusions. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1990 Jan;30(1):27-30. 15. Pancherz H. Temporal and masseter muscle activity in children and adults with normal occlusion. An electromyographic investigation. Acta Odontol Scand. 1980;38(6):343-8. 16. Yuen SW, Hwang JC, Poon PW. EMG power spectrum patterns of anterior temporal and masseter muscles in children and adults. J Dent Res. 1989 May;68(5):800-4. 17. Deguchi T, Kumai T, Garetto L . Statistics of differential Lissajous EMG for normal occlusion and Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994 Jan;105(1):42-8. 18. Moss ML. New studies of cranial growth. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1975;11(7):283-95. 19. Frankenhuis-van den Heuvel TH, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Maltha JC. Microscopic study of the rabbit mandibular periosteum and attached structures. Acta Anat (Basel). 1991;142(1):33-40. 20. Chan HJ, Woods M, Stella D. Mandibular muscle morphology in children with different vertical facial patterns: A 3-dimensional computed tomography study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008 Jan;133(1):10.e1-13. 21. van der Linden FP. Bone morphology and growth potential: a perspective of postnatal normal bone growth. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1985;187:181-200. 22. Katsaros C. Masticatory muscle function and transverse dentofacial growth. Swed Dent J Suppl. 2001;(151):1-47. Review. 23. Granata KP, Padua DA, Abel MF. Repeatability of surface EMG during gait in children. Gait Posture. 2005 Dec;22(4):346-50. Epub 2005 Jan 8. 24. Fulton JF, Sherrington CS. State of the flexor reflex in paraplegic dog and monkey respectively. J Physiol. 1932 May 30;75(1):17-22. 25. Takahashi S, Kuribayashi G, Ono T, Ishiwata Y, Kuroda T. Modulation of masticatory muscle activity by tongue position. Angle Orthod. 2005 Jan;75(1):35-9. 26. Michelotti A, Farella M, Vollaro S, Martina R. Mandibular rest position and electrical activity of the masticatory muscles. J Prosthet Dent. 1997 Jul;78(1):48-53. 27. Nakakawaji K, Kodachi K, Sakamoto T, Harazaki M, Isshiki Y. Correlation between facial patterns and function of the masticatory muscles in girls and women. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2002 May;43(2):51-9. 28. Satiroglu F, Arun T, Isik F. Comparative data on facial morphology and muscle thickness using ultrasonography. Eur J Orthod. 2005 Dec;27(6):562-7. Epub 2005 Aug 31. 29. Charalampidou M, Kjellberg H, Georgiakaki I, Kiliaridis S. Masseter muscle thickness and mechanical advantage in relation to vertical craniofacial morphology in children. Acta Odontol Scand. 2008 Feb;66(1):23-30. 30. Fogle LL, Glaros AG. Contributions of facial morphology, age, and gender to EMG activity under biting and resting conditions: a canonical correlation analysis. J Dent Res. 1995 Aug;74(8):1496-500. 31. Raadsheer MC, Kiliaridis S, Van Eijden TM, Van Ginkel FC, Prahl-Andersen B. Masseter muscle thickness in growing individuals and its relation to facial morphology. Arch Oral Biol. 1996 Apr;41(4):323-32. 32. Saifuddin M, Miyamoto K, Ueda HM, Shikata N, Tanne K. An electromyographic evaluation of the bilateral symmetry and nature of masticatory muscle activity in jaw deformity patients during normal daily activities. J Oral Rehabil. 2003 Jun;30(6):578-86. 33. Christensen LV. An electromyographic and cephalometric study on facial pains and facial morphology in children. J Oral Rehabil. 1981 May;8(3):267-77. 34. Tecco S, Caputi S, Festa F. Electromyographic activity of masticatory, neck and trunk muscles of subjects with different skeletal facial morphology--a cross-sectional evaluation. J Oral Rehabil. 2007 Jul;34(7):478-86. 35. Gallo LM, Gross SS, Palla S. Nocturnal masseter EMG activity of healthy subjects in a natural environment. J Dent Res. 1999 Aug;78(8):1436-44. 36. Lavigne GJ, Rompré PH, Poirier G, Huard H, Kato T, Montplaisir JY. Rhythmic masticatory muscle activity during sleep in humans. J Dent Res. 2001 Feb;80(2):443-8. 37. Kiliaridis S. Masticatory muscle influence on craniofacial growth. Acta Odontol Scand. 1995 Jun;53(3):196-202. Review. 38. Sinsel NK, Guelinckx PJ. Effect of unilateral partial facial paralysis on periosteal growth at the muscle-bone interface of facial muscles and facial bones. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003 Apr 1;111(4):1432-43; discussion 1444-5. 39. Van Limborgh J. The role of genetic and local environmental factors in the control of postnatal craniofacial morphogenesis. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1972 Oct;10(1):37-47.
A Prospective Study on Efficacy of Oral Iron in Comparison with Intravenous Iron Sucrose in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women in a Rural Scenario
Badveli Manasa, Indranil Dutta, Vijayalakshmi S
Objectives: To determine the current prevalence and severity of iron deficiency anemia in a rural scenario and to document the response to oral iron supplementation in comparison to intravenous iron sucrose for better efficacy, compliance and safety in treatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Methods: This comparative study was conducted at rural medical hospital in Karnataka, India during the period November 2010 to October 2012. 80 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomized into either of the two groups, 40 to the oral iron group and 40 to the IV iron group and the improvement of hemoglobin was recorded meticulously. Comparison between the two groups was done based on the initial Hb, the total dose of iron required, the side effects and the final Hb. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square test. Results: The following observations were made from this study age of patients ranged from 19-35years. Samples are age matched with P= 1.000. Majority of the anemic women in this study belonged to the age group of 20-25years.Majority of the women belonged to SE class II. SES distribution is statistically similar in two groups with p=1.000. In this study, anemia was equally common in Primi-gravida and multigravidas. Parity distribution is statistically similar in both groups with P=0.369. Majority of anemic patients in this study belonged to gestational age of 14-29weeks. Mean Gestational age is statistically similar in two groups with P = 0.408. Mean body weight is statistically significantly less Oral Rx group P = 0.017*. Levels of initial hemoglobin is statistically similar in two groups studied with P=0.624. MCV <70 is more associated with IV Rx group of patients with P=0.096+. Majority of the women in this study had a microcytic hypochromic smear picture. Distribution of PS is statistically similar in both groups with P=0.845. Mean total drug required(TDR) is significantly more in IV Rx group (881.50) when compared to Oral Rx Group (856.98) with P=0.149. Levels of Final Hb is statistically significantly less in Oral Rx group of patients than in the IV group with p=0.001**. Conclusion: This study was attempted to analyze the safety and efficacy of oral iron in comparison to IV iron on the hematological parameters in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia. This study confirms that IV iron caused a rapid and effective improvement in the hematological parameters when compared to oral iron. In our country, with a higher incidence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy, especially in a rural scenario, this type of treatment may be helpful in management of these patients in a cost-effective manner. Following a rigorous research and evaluation iron sucrose has established its full place and potential and may be the solution.
1. Bernard BJ, Hakimi M, Palletier D. An analysis of anemia and pregnancyrelated maternal mortality. J Nutr 2001; 131: 604S-615S. 2. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Global and regional causes of death patterns in 1990. Global comparative assessments in health sector – Disease burden, expenditures and intervention packages. 1994: 21 – 54, WHO Geneva, Switzerland. 3. WHO. The prevalence of anemia in women: a tabulation of available information 1992b Maternal health and safe motherhood programme. Geneva, Switzerland. 4. WHO (1996) Revised 1990 estimate of maternal mortality. A new approach by WHO and UNICEF. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 5. Bhatt R. Maternal mortality in India, FOGSI- WHO study. J Obstet Gynecol Ind 1997; 47:2. 6. Kodkany BS, Derman RJ, Goudar SS, et al. Initiating a novel therapy in preventing postpartum hemorrhage in rural India: a joint collaboration between the United States and India. Int J Fertil Womens Med.2004 Mar-Apr; 49 (2):91-96. 7. Iron supplementation in Pregnancy and the postpartum evidences and controversies’ Symposium during the 6th Congress of the European Society of Gynecology, June 3, 2005-07-214. 8. MOHFW: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. National Consultation on Control of Anemia in India.1617 October, Nirman Bhavan, New Delhi (1998). 9. Scholl TO, Hediger, ML, Fischer RL, ShearerJW Anemia vs. iron deficiency: increased risk of preterm delivery in a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr, 1992; 55: 985-98870. 10. Godfrey KM, Redman CWG, Barker DJP, Osmond C The effect of maternal anemia and iron deficiency on the ratio of fetal weight to placental weight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1991; 98: 886-891. 11. Barker DJP, Bull AR, Osmond C, Simmonds SJ. Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. Br Med J 1990; 301: 259-262. 12. Oski, FA. Iron deficiency - facts and fallacies. Paediatr Clin North Am, 1985; 32: 493-497. 13. Kapil U, Saxena N, Ramachandran S. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Indian Pediatr 1996, 33: 606. 14. Priyali Pathak, Umesh Kapil, Suresh Kumar Kapoor 1, Renu Saxena. [Indian J Pediatr 2004; 71 (11) : 1007-1014]. 15. Parikh U. Manual of the socio-economic status scale (rural). Manasayan, Delhi 1981; pp 32. 16. Ragip A, Unlubilgin E, Kanderim O, Yalvac S, Cakir L, Haberal A. Intravenous versus oral iron treatment of anemia in pregnancy : A randomized trial Obstet Gynecol 2005 ; 106 : 1335-1340. 17. Bayoumeu F, Subiran – Buisset C, Baka NE, Legagneur H, Monnier – Barbarino P, Laxenaire MC. Iron therapy in iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy :Intravenous route versus oral route. Am J. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 83: 3-10. 18. Van Wyck DB, Cavallo G, Spinowitz BS, Adhikaria R, Gagnon S. Safety and efficacy in patients sensitive to iron dextran. North American clinical trial. Am J kidney Dis 2000; 36: 88-97.
Evaluation of Amiodarone for Its Effect on Glucose Metabolism in Euglycemic Albino Wistar Rats
Mohammed Sibgatullah, Suresha R. N.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of amiodarone on glucose levels in albino wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided in to test group (amiodarone) and control group (distilled water) of six animals each. They were given test drug i.e amiodarone 180mg/kg and distilled water 5ml/ rat respectively for a period of 5 days. On 5th day OGTT (slightly modified) was performed and cbg values were recorded at 0 min, 60min and 150 min respectively. Results and Discussion: The cbg values were significantly higher (p<0.05) in test group at all the time intervals thereby indicating that amiodarone has hyperglycemic activity in the albino wistar rats. Conclusion: Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of amiodarone in humans and it should be used with caution in diabetics patients.
1. Nicholson G and Hall G.M, Diabetes mellitus: new drugs for a new epidemic. British Journal of Anaesthesia,107(1): 65–73, (2011) 2. Juliana CN Chan, Vasanti Malik,Weipingjia, Takashi Kadowaki, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Kun-Ho Yoon, Frank B Hu, Diabetes in Asia Epidemiology, Risk factors and pathophysiology. American Medical Association, 301(20):2129-40,( 2009) 3. Tasneem Sandozi, Study of effect of Amlodipine on Blood Sugar level. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 1:4-5,(2010) 4. Heger JJ, Prystowsky EN, Miles WM, Zipes DP. Clinical use andpharmacology of amiodarone. Med Clin North Am 1984;68:1339–1366. 5. Tripathi KD, anti arrhythmic drugs, in: essentials of medical pharmacology, Tripathi KD, jaypee, 6th edition: page 515-516. 6. Suresha R N ,Sushma VN, Ashwini V, Kalabharathi HL, Jayanthi M K, Prathima C, The effect of nifedipine on oral glucose induced glycaemic changes in normal albino rats.Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2012 July; 3(3): (P) 499 – 507. 7. Aram V. Chobanian, Calcium Channel Blockers: Lessons Learned From MIDAS and Other Clinical Trials. The journal of American medical association, 276(10):829-830,(1996)
Auditory and Visual Reaction Time in Taekwondo Players
A. A. Asia, A. B. Warkar2
Background: Excellence in a combat sport like Taekwondo relies on the ability to execute a technique with enough force in as little time as possible. Hence reaction time, speed and agility are essential in these practitioners. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find out the Auditory and Visual Reaction time in Taekwondo players and compare it with non athletes. Method: Reaction time was measured with the response analyzer in trained taekwondo practitioners and non athletes. Results: The practitioners of Taekwondo responded significantly earlier to both auditory and visual stimuli. Conclusion: It can be concluded that shorter reaction time in these players is beneficial as it would prevent them from opponent attacks and help them to score better. Training to achieve a suitable reaction time can significantly influence performance especially during competitions.
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Uterine Artery Embolization in the Management of Undiagnosed Genital Bleeding
Sangeeta Chippa, Dipti Vaidya, Shubhangi Mande, Swati Shiradkar
This is a case report of a case of post abortal bleeding with hepatic dysfunction with coagulopathy. The lady presented primarily as uncontrollable post abortal bleeding with severe anaemia and coagulopathy. The recent history of her check curettage in view of her having incomplete abortion was the only clinching factor for the diagnosis. She had AV malformation in the uterus which got stimulated for bleed due to the check curettage which was done. Hence as life saving procedure uterine artery embolization was performed on this lady successfully. This is exceptional case where uterine artery embolization was performed in a clinically unstable patient.
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Retrospective Study of Eclampsia in a Teaching Hospital
Pradeep M. R., Lalitha Shivanna
Eclampsia is one of the major cause of both maternal and perinatal mortality in India. Retrospective study of eclampsia was done in our hospital from Jan-2011 to Jun-2013 Over a period of 2 ½ year to know the incidence, clinical profile and current management of eclampsia patients along with maternal and perinatal outcome. Analysis of case records of all eclampsia patients admitted to our hospital from Jan-2011 to Jun-2013 was done. Incidence of eclampsia was found to be 2.19/1000 deliveries. Eclampsia is a disease of young women between 19-24 years (79%) and primigravida (67%). Majority of them had convulsions before the onset of labour (87%). Eclampsia occurs most commonly at term gestation. Most of them had mild-moderate hypertension at the time of convulsion. Majority had vaginal delivery (63%) with current intervention, there were no maternal deaths. Perinatal mortality was 300/1000 live births. The current intervention for eclampsia is effective in reducing maternal mortality but management of perinatal outcome still needs improvement.
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Effect of Alpha-Methyl-P-Tyrosine Pretreatment on Stereotyped Behaviour Induced by Lamotrigine, Apomorphine, Dexamphetamine in Rats
Shinde A. R., Thorat V. M., Jadhav S.A., Balsara J. J., Shinde R. V.
Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine by inhibing tyrosine hydroxylase, decreases the synthesis of dopamine (DA) in the nigrostriatal DAergic neurons so less DA is available for release from these neurons. Lamotrigine(LTG), Dexamphetamine(DAM) and Apomorphine (APO) produce SB directly by stimulating DA receptors or indirectly by releasing DA from nigrostriatal DAergic neurons .Our aim is to study the effect of pretreatment of alpha methyl P tyrosine(AMT) on SB induced by LTG,DAM and APO in rats. Albino rats of either sex (120-180 g) were used by random distribution in group of 10 animals each. Intensity of SB is assessed by Costall and Naylor scoring system. Our results indicate that pretreatment with 100 mg/kg AMT significantly antagonised the SB induced by 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg lamotrigine. Pretreatment with 200 mg/kg AMT abolished the SB induced by 5 mg/kg lamotrigine and significantly antagonised the SB induced by 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg lamotrigine. Pretreatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg AMT significantly antagonised the SB induced by 5 and 10 mg/kg dexamphetamine. Pretreatment with 100 and 200 mg/kg AMT did not significantly influence the intensity of SB induced by 1.5 and 3 mg/kg apomorphine.
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Protein carbonylation, Lipid peroxidation and serum alpha Tocopherol activity in Preeclampsia
N. Asha Rani, J. N. Naidu
Hypertensive disorders are the most common medical complication of pregnancy and are important cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. The etiology of preeclampsia has always remained elusive. More recently, antioxidants have been proposed as a potential preventive strategy on the basis of data suggesting that endothelial dysfunction is fundamental to the development of preeclampsia as a result of increased oxidative stress and deficiency of antioxidant protection. In this context the present study was undertaken to evaluate the intensity of oxidative stress and to investigate a possible correlation between oxidative stress, antioxidant status and severity of preeclampsia. A case control study was performed on 50 normal pregnant and 50 diagnosed preeclamptic women age and trimester matched. Malondialdehyde (MDA), Protein Carbonyls (PCO)and Vitamin E(Vit E) were estimated in the serum of all subjects. Statistically significant increase in levels of PCO (p< 0.0001), MDA (p <0.0001) and decrease in Vit E (p<0.0001) were observed in preeclamptic women as compared to normal controls. A negative correlation between oxidative stress markers (MDA, PCO) and Vit E and positive correlation between oxidative stress markers (MDA, PCO) and blood pressure was observed in preeclamptic women. Increased MDA, PCO and decreased Vit E suggests an imbalance between the oxidative stress and antioxidant status which supports the hypothesis that the oxidative stress is an important causative factor in pathogenesis of preeclampsia and supplementation with antioxidant vitamin may benefit the preeclamptic mothers.
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Study of Lipid Profile, Peroxidation and Vitamin E in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Indian J Pharmacol 2009;53(4):365-69. 8. Gohil JT, Patel PK, Gupta P. Evaluation of oxidative stress and Antioxidant Defence in subjects of Preeclampsia. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India 2011;61(6):638-40. 9. Sharma JB, Sharma A, Bahadur A, Vimala N, Satyam A, Mittal S. Oxidative stress markers and antioxidant levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Int J gynecol Obstet2006;94: 23-27. 10. Serdar Z, Gur E, Develioglu O, Colakogullari M, Dirican M. Placental and decidual lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses in preeclampsia. Lipid peroxidation in preeclamsia. Pathophysiol2002;9(1):21 11. Palan PR, Shaban DW, Martino T, Mikhail MS. Lipid-soluble antioxidants and pregnancy: maternal serum levels of coenzyme Q10, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. GynecolObstet invest 2004;58(1):8-13. 12. Satoh KE. Lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorder determined by a new colorimetric method. ClinChem.Acta 1978;90:37-43. 13. Levin RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, Amici A, Climent I, Lenz A, et al. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 464 – 78. 14. Zhang C, Williams MA, Sanchez SE, King IB, Ware-Jauregui S, LArrabure G, Bazul V, etal. Plasma concentration of carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols in preeclampsia and normotensive pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;153(6):572-80. 15. Satoh KE. Lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorder determined by a new colorimetric method. ClinChem.Acta 1978;90:37-43. 16. Levin RL, Garland D, Oliver CN, Amici A, Climent I, Lenz A, et al. Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 1990; 186: 464 – 78. 17. Gractose E. Lipid-mediated endothelial dysfunction: a common factor to preeclampsia and chronic vascular disease. Eur J Gynecol ReprodBiol 2000; 92(1):63-6. 18. Madazli R, Benian A, Gumustas K, Uzun H, Ocak V, Aksu F. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in preeclampsia. Eur J Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 85(2):205-8. 19. Mohd S, Mohd FS, Hina K. Role of Vitamins C and E in Regulating Antioxidant and Pro-oxidant Markers in Preeclampsia. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2008;43:210-20. 20. F.F. Yanik, Amanvermez R, Yanik A, Celik C, Kokcu A. Pre-eclmpsia and eclampsia associated with increased lipid peroxidation and decreased serum vitamin E levels. International Journal of Gynecology and obstetrics 1999;64(1):27-33. 21. Odetti P, Garibaldi S, Noberasco G, Aragno I, Valentini S, Traverso N etal. Levels of Carbonyl groups in plasma Proteins of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. Acta Diabetologica 1999;36(4):179-83. 22. Petra LM Zusterzeel, Theo PJ Mulder, Wilder HM Peters, Sheila A Wiseman, Eric AP Steegers. Plasma protein carbonyls in nonpregnant, healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women. Free Radical Research 2000;33(5):471-76. 23. Kim BJ, Park JS. Increased protein carbonyls as markers for oxidative stress in amniotic fluid of preeclamptic women at term. Korean Jornal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007;50(10):1354-62. 24. Zusterzeel PL, Rutten H, Roelofs HM, Peters WH, Steegers EA. Protein carbonyls in decidua and placenta of preeclamptic women as markers for oxidative stress. Placenta 2001;22(2-3):213-9. 25. Krishna MS, Venkataramana G. Status of Lipid Peroxidation, Glutathione, Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin E And Antioxidant Enzymes In Patients With Pregnancy– Induced Hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;51(3):284-88. 26. Mohanty S, Sahu PK, Mandal MK, Mohapatra PC, Panda A. Evaluation of Oxidative Stess in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry 2006;21(1)101-5. 27. Dehghan M H, Dehghan R. Plasma levels of vitamin C in women with preeclampsia in Ardabil, Iran. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2006;4(1):35-9. 28. Chappell LC, Seed PT, Kelly FJ, Briley A, Hunt BJ, Charnockjones DS, etal. Vitamin C and E supplementation in women at risk of preeclampsia is associated with changes in indices of oxidative stress and placental function. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187(3):777-84. 29. Rodrigo R, Parra M, Bosco C, Fernandez V, Barja P, Guajardo J et al. Pathophysiological basis for the prophylaxis of preeclampsia through early supplementation with antioxidant vitamins. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;107(2):177-97.
Doppler Study of Uterine and Cubital Artery in Normal Pregnancy, Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction – Evidence for Systemic Vessel Involvement
P. L. Bhanap, Prashant Ingole
Hypertensive disorders are among the commonest medical disorders during pregnancy and continue to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. In this study, 30 women with no pregnancy complication, 30 with preeclampsia and 30 with intrauterine growth restriction were included. The present study included 90 cases over a period of one year. Doppler sonography of placental uterine, non – placental uterine and cubital artery was carried out. It was observed that, the mean pulsatality index at the placental uterine artery, non placental uterine artery and cubital artery is significantly higher in preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction group. Key words: Pregnancy induced hypertension, intrauterine growth restriction, Doppler velocimetry.
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Effect of Sudarshankriya Yoga on Cardiorespiratory Parameters
Somwanshi S. D., Handergulle S. M., Adgaonkar B. D.3, Kolpe D. V.
Objective: The present study is done to determine the effect of Sudarshankriya Yoga on heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and respiratory rate. Material and Methods: About 30 subjects (cases) underwent the practice of Sudarsharkriya Yoga for 12 weeks. Above cardio respiratory parameters were measured before and after the practice of Sudarshankriya Yoga. Comparative analysis is done for the effect of 12 weeks of yoga practice on these parameters. Results: Sudarshankriya yoga showed statistically significant decrease in the values of heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure as well as respiratory rate after 12 weeks of practice. Conclusion: The mechanism involved is by creating balance in autonomic nervous system functions by parasympathetic dominance and decreased sympathetic drive.
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Bhattacharya S, Pandey US, Verma NS. Improvement in oxidative status with yogic breathing in young healthy males. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 46: 349-54. 8. Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR, Shirely Telles. Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques on heart rate variability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 42: 467-72. 9. Madanmohan, Rai UC, Balavittal V, Thombre DP, Swami Gitananda. Cardiorespiratory changes during savitri pranayama and shavasan. The yoga review 1983; 3: 25-34. 10. Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K et al. Effects of hatha yoga and omkar meditation on cardio-respiratory performance, psychologic profile and melatonin secretion. J Altern. Complement Med 2004; 10: 161-8. 11. Garg J, Messerli AW, Barkis GL. Evaluation and treatment of patients with hypertension. Circulation 2002; 105: 458-61. 12. Pramanik T, Shrestha S, Ghosh A. Apparently less value of blood pressure among healthy people: Is the cuff width responsible? J Prev Med Hyg 2007; 48: 83-4. 13. 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Changes in cardiovascular risk factors and hormones during a comprehensive residential three month kriya yoga training and vegetarian nutrition. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1997; 640:158-62. 19. Murugesan R, Govindarajulu N, Bera TK. Effect of selected yogic practices on the management of hypertension. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2000; 44: 207-10. 20. Barnes VA, Davis HC, Murzynowski JB, Treiber FA. Impact of meditation on resting and ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in youth. Psychosom Med. 2004; 66: 909-14. 21. Bernardi L, Porta C, Spicuzza L. Slow breathing increases arterial baroreflex sensitivity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2002; 105: 143-5. 22. Siegelbaum R, Robinson S. Hyperpolarization activated cation current: From molecules to physiological function. Annu Rev Physiol 2003; 65: 453-80. 23. Cuttle MF, Rusznák Z, Wong AY et al. Modulation of a presynaptic hyperpolarization-activated current at an excitatory synaptic terminal in the rat auditory brainstem. J Physiol 2001; 534: 733-44. 24. Westbrook GL. In: Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, eds. Principles of Neuroscience. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 25. Newberg A, Iversen J. The neural basis of the complex mental task of meditation: Neurotransmitter and neurochemical considerations. Med Hypotheses 2003; 61: 282-91. 26. Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB et al. Long-term meditators self-induce high amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 16369-73. 27. Bernardi I, Gabutti A, Porta C, Spicuzza L. Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex response to hypoxia & hypercapnia and increases baroreflex sensitivity. J Hypertens 2001;19:2221-2229. 28. Bowman AJ, Clayton RH, Murray A, Reed JW, Subhan MM, Ford GA. Effects of aerobic exercise training and yoga on the baroreflex in healthy elderly persons. 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Normative Values for Nerve Conduction Study among healthy subjects from Aurangabad, INDIA
Shaikh Shahabuddin, DaimiSayad Badar, Khan Md Moizuddin, L. B. Sami3, Solepure A. B
Aim: The aim of our study is to establish the normal electrophysiological values of the common nerves in upper and lower limb and to study the influence of age and height on conduction velocity in healthy adult subjects. Material and Method: The study was conducted in MGM Medical College, a tertiary care center in city of Aurangabad, India. A total of 90 healthy volunteers, 45 males and 45 females aged 20 years and above were selected after clinical evaluation to exclude systemic or neuromuscular disorders. Anthropometric measurements were done using a standard protocol. Nerve Conduction Study was carried out according to a standardized protocol. Motor NCS included the Median, Peroneal and Tibial nerves. Sensory NCS included the Ulnar, Median, and Sural nerves. Results: The NCS data was separately analyzed for males and females. The mean along with standard deviation (SD) for latencies, amplitude and velocities of Sural sensory, Ulnar sensory and Median sensory nerves for males and females is obtained. Similarly the means with SD of the latencies, amplitudes and velocities of the Ulnar motor, Median motor, Peroneal motor and Tibial motor nerves were obtained. Also the NCS parameters at various percentiles were obtained. Linear regression models show the inverse association of Age and Height with NCS parameter in males and females. The model also gave the coefficient by which the NCS parameters change for unit change in Age (Year) or Height (Cm). Conclusion: The study will be helpful in establishing normative values of nerve conduction parameters of the commonly tested nerves in the upper and lower limb for our region. The mean nerve conduction parameters for all the nerves were similar with the existing data from different Indian studies. In general Age and Height had inverse relation with NCS parameters.
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Epidemiological Study of Dog Bite Cases Reported at ARV Clinic of Rural Hospital Panvel in Raigad District of Maharashtra, INDIA
Virendra Wankhede, Prasad Waingankar, Seema Anjenaya, B. T. Telang
Introduction: Rabies is almost always fatal in animals or in humans those do not receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Thedog-bites are the primary source of human infection in all rabies endemic countries and account for 96 % of rabies cases in South East Asia region. The present study has been conducted at a Rural Hospital Panvel (India) situated in rapidly urbanizing are aimed to know the epidemiology of dog bites. Methodology: All the patients who reported at Anti Rabies Vaccine (ARV) clinic with complaints of dog bite during the period of three months (September - November 2012) were included in this study for data collection by exit interview method.The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, Epiinfo and SPSS. Results and Discussion: Total 318 dog bite cases were reported to ARV clinic during the period of 3 months. Majority were males (80.2%). More than 30% patients were in the age group of 26 to 45 years while 27.8% patients were children below 15 years. More than 70 % dog bites have taken place while victims were walking on the road. More than 97% of the bites were unprovoked and by stray dogs. Out of 318 victims, 164 (51.6 %) had knowledge about benefit of immediate cleaning of the wound. Proportion of using home remedies is negligible compared with other earlier studies. More than 88 % patients reported within 24 hours. Most of the study findings are consistent with earlier studies conducted in India with some variations. Conclusion and Recommendations: It is necessary to improve knowledge level in the local population further, about the immediate cleaning of the wound by using the means of behaviour change communication methods. The civic authorities need to resort to control of stray dogs. The establishment of surveillance for dog bite cases will definitely help.
1. Knobel DL, Cleavland S, Coleman PG, Fevre EM, Meltzer MI, et al; Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia; Bulletin of the World Health Organization; 2005, 83:360-368. 2. Hampson K, Cleavland S, Mganga S, Coudeville L; Partners for Rabies Prevention Technical Advisory Group (2011);Reassessment of the socio-economic global burden of rabies: Human and animal cost of global rabies; Global conference on Rabies Control Towards Sustainable Prevention at source: Incheou (Republic of Korea): 7-9 September 2011;Incheou Korea: OIE 26p. 3. Human Rabies in the WHO Southeast Asia Region: Forward Steps for Elimination; Review Article; Advances in Preventive Medicine, Volume 2011, Article ID 383870, 5 pages. 4. http://www.searo.who.int/CDS_rabies.pdf (2011) 5. World Health Organization – WHO expert Consultation on Rabies – First Report: 2004: 1 – 123. 6. World Health Organization – “Rabies vaccines: WHO Position Paperâ€; Weekly Epidemiological Report; 2007: Volume 82, pp. 425-436. 7. K. Park; Park’s Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine; 22nd Edition; pp. 251 – 6. 8. Anita Khokhar, G. S. Meena, Malti Mehara; Profile of dog bite cases attending MCD (Municipal Corporation Delhi) Dispensary at Alipur, Delhi; Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 4, Oct-Dec 2003, pp. 157-160. 9. M. K. Sudarshan, B. J. Mahindra, S. N. Madhusudana et al; An epidemiological study of animal bites in India: Results of A WHO sponsored National Multi-centric Rabies Survey (2003), Journal of Communicable Diseases, 38 (1) 2006; pp. 32-39. 10. Venu Shah, D V Bala, Jatin Thakker et al; Epidemiological determinants of animal bite cases attending the anti-rabies clinic at V.S. General Hospital Ahmedabad; Health line, Volume 3, Issue 1,Jan – June 2012, pp. 66-68. 11. Ichhpujani RL, Chhabra Mala, Mittal Veena et al; Epidemiology of Animal Bites and Rabies cases in India: A Multi-centric Study; Journal of Communicable Diseases; Volume 40 Issue 1, 2008, pp. 27 – 36. 12. Mohd Junaid, Tabrez Ahmad, Gumastha R, Deoke A R; Epidemiological study of Dog Bite Victims In Anti Rabies Clinic of A Tertiary Care Hospital; Indian Journal of Biological and Health Science; Volume 1, Issue 1, Oct 2012, pp. 12-16. 13. T. R. Behera, D. M. Satpathy, R. M. Tripathy, A. Sahu; Profile of Animal bite cases attending the ARC Clinic at Beharampur, Orissa; http://rabies.org.in/rabies-journal/rabies-09-2.
A Perception of Maternal Mortality among Women in an Urban Slum Area of South India
Keerti S. Jogdand, Pravin N. Yerpude, Mohini Jogdand
Introduction: Every pregnant woman hopes pregnancy to be a smooth process and expect to give birth safely as pregnancy and child birth is considered a normal physiological process. But, this is not happening at least in developing countries including India.In the year 2010, global maternal deaths per 100,000 live births i.e. maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was estimated to be 210. Objective: To determine perception of maternal mortality among women in an urban slum area of South India. Materials and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban slum area of south India among 378 women above 20 yrs of age. Using semi-structured questionnaire answers to questions on perception of maternal mortality in the community were elicited from the study participants. The data was analysed using the SPSS program 14. Results: The majority (35.98%) of the study subjects were in the age group 31-40 years followed by 28.31% study subjects in the age group of 21-30. 34.14 % study subjects were educated upto intermediate and 22.22 % were educated upto secondary level. 95.50 % of the study subjects aware that death can occur from pregnancy-related problems. 73.81% subjects stated that excessive vaginal bleeding was a possible cause of death followed by high BP as possible cause of death in 21.96% study subjects. Conclusion: In order to reduce the high rate of maternal mortality, health education programs on prevention of maternal deaths and morbidities directed towards at risk women need to be improved.As most of the decisions in families were taken by the men,their participation is also very important.
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Results of Defect Augmentation with Tricalcium Phosphate in Tibial Plateau Fractures
Supradeeptha C., Sudhir M. Shandilya, Siva Reddy, Vikram Kumar Kadiam
Reduction of the depressed joint surface in tibial plateau fractures leaves large cancellous bone defects. These metaphyseal defects are usually filled with autogenous bone grafts that cause significant donor site morbidity. The use of injectable tricalcium phosphate gives the opportunity to support the reduced joint surface without bone grafting. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcomes of closed/open reduction and internal fixation, augmentation with injectable tricalcium phosphate in tibial plateau fractures. Methods: This prospective study includes 20 patients, with mean age of 44.4 years. According to the Schatzker’s classification, there were 12 fractures of type II, one fracture of type III, five fractures of type V, and two of type VI. Intervention: All the patients underwent closed/ open reduction, osteosynthesis with screws or plate, and injection of tricalcium phosphate injection in the subchondral bone defect. The patients were reviewed at an average follow up of 15.35 months (range 6-28 months). Rasmussen’s clinical and radiological score was used to assess the patients post-operatively and during follow-up period. Results: Union was achieved in all patients. Rasmussen's radiologic score was excellent in 2 patients (10%), good in 17 patients (85%), and fair in 1 patient (5%). Rasmussen’s clinical score was excellent in 6 patients (30%), good in 13 patients (65%), and fair in 1 patient (5%). Conclusion: The results show that injectable tricalcium phosphate is a safe and useful alternative to bone grafting in tibial plateau fractures which have high compression strength and allows early partial and full weight bearing.
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Donor site morbidity after anterior iliac crest bone harvest for single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Spine. 2003; 28: 134-9. 8. Auleda J, Bianchi A, Tibau R, Rodriguez-Cano O. Hernia through iliac crest defects. A report of four cases. Int Orthop. 1995; 19: 367-9. 9. Goulet JA, Senunas LE, DeSilva GL, Greenï¬eld ML. Autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Complications and functional assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1997; 339: 76-81. 10. Kurz LT, Garï¬n SR, Booth RE Jr. Harvesting autogenous iliac bone grafts. A review of complications and techniques. Spine. 1989; 14: 1324-31. 11. Arrington ED, Smith WJ, Chambers HG, Bucknell AL, Davino NA. Complications of iliac crest bone graft harvesting. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996; 329: 300-9. 12. Summers BN, Eisenstein SM. Donor site pain from the ilium. A complication of lumbar spine fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989; 71: 677-80. 13. Younger EM, Chapman MW. Morbidity at bone graft donor sites. J Orthop Trauma. 1989; 3: 192-195. 14. B.N. Summers, S.M. Eisenstein. Donor site pain from the ilium: a complication of lumbar spine fusion. JBJS Br. 1989; 71-B: 677–680. 15. H.S. Sandhu, H.S. Grewal, H. Parvataneni. Bone grafting for spinal fusion. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999; 30: 685–698. 16. Stephen W. Veitch, Rowenna M. Stroud, Andrew D. Toms. Compaction bone grafting in Tibial Plateau Fracture Fixation. The Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and critical care. 2010; 68(4): 980-983. 17. C.A.F. Dodd, C.M. Fergusson, L. Freedman et al. Allograft versus autograft bone in scoliosis surgery. JBJS Br. 1988; 70: 431–434. 18. W.W. Tomford. Transmission of disease through transplantation of musculo-skeletal allografts. JBJS Am. 1995; 77: 1742–54. 19. John Gray Seiler III, MD, Joseph Johnson, MD. Georgia Hand and Microsurgery Clinic, Atlanta, Ga. "Iliac Crest Autogenous Bone Grafting: Donor Site Complications". J South Orthop Assoc. 2000; 9 (2): 91–97. 20. Abidi NA, Dhawan S, Gruen GS, Vogt MT, Conti SF. Wound-healing risk factors after open reduction and internal ï¬xation of calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int. 1998; 19: 856-61. 21. Stevenson S. Biology of bone grafts. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999; 30: 543-52. 22. E.U. Conrad, D.R. Gretch, K.R. Obermeyer et al. Transmission of the hepatitis-C virus by tissue transplantation. JBJS Am. 1995; 77-A: 214–224. 23. Boyce T, Edwards J, Scarborough N. Allograft bone. The influence of processing on safety and performance. Orthop Clin North Am. 1999; 30: 571-81. 24. Ladd AL, Pliam NB. Use of bone-graft substitutes in distal radius fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999; 7: 279-90. 25. Moore WR, Graves SE, Bain GI. Synthetic bone graft substitutes. ANZ J Surg. 2001; 71: 354-61. 26. Kemal Serbetc, Feza Korkusuz, Nesrin Hasirci. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hydroxyapatite-Impregnated Bone Cement. Turk J Med Sci; 2000 (30): 543-549. 27. Peter V Giannoudis, Haralambos Dinopoulos, Eleftherios Tsiridis. Bone substitutes: An update. Injury; 2005 (36-3): S20–S27. 28. Larsson S, Bauer TW. Use of injectable calcium phosphate cement for fracture ï¬xation: a review. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002; 395: 23-32. 29. Nandi S.K, Roy S, Mukherjee P. Orthopaedic applications of bone graft and graft substitutes: a review. Indian J Med Res. 2010; 132: 15-30. 30. Robert D. Welch, DVM, PhD; Hong Zhang, MD; Dwight G. Bronson, MS. Experimental Tibial plateau fractures augmented with calcium phosphate cement or autologous bone graft. JBJS Am 2003; 85(2): 222-231. 31. Welch RD, Zhang H, Bronson DG. Experimental tibial plateau fractures augmented with calcium phosphate cement or autologous bone graft. JBJS. 2003; 85: 222-31. 32. Thomas A. Russell, Ross K. Leighton. Comparison of autogenous bone graft and endothermic calcium phosphate cement for defect augmentation in Tibial plateau fractures. JBJS 2008; 90: 2057-61. 33. Ahmad M. Ali, M. El- Shafie, K.M. Willett. Failure of fixation of tibial plateau fractures. J of Orthopaedic Trauma 2002; 16(5):323-329. 34. Hitin Mathur, Shankar Acharya, VK Nijhawan, SP Mandal. Operative results of closed tibial plateau fractures. Indian journal of Orthopaedics. 2005; 39(2): 108-112. 35. B Grimm, A W Miles. Optimizing a hydroxyapatite/ tricalcium phosphate ceramic as a bone graft extender for impaction grafting. J Material Science. 2001; 12: 929-34. 36. W.G. Hortsmann, C.C.P.M.Verheyen, R.Leemans. An injectable calcium phosphate cement as a bone-graft substitute in the treatment of displaced lateral tibial plateau fractures. Injury, Int.J.Care Injured 2003; 34:141-144. 37. Lobenhoffer P, Gerich T, Witte F, Tscherne H. Use of injectable calcium phosphate bone cement in the treatment of tibial plateau fracture: a prospective study of twenty-six cases with twenty- month follow-up. J Orthop Trauma 2002; 16:143-149. 38. Hatziantoniou J, Diakos G, Kyriakidis M. The use of injectable calcium phosphate bone cement in tibial plateau fractures for structural support. Journal of Hellenic Association of orthopaedic and traumatology 2004; 55(3):433-438. 39. Richard L. Uhl, MD; Jonathon Gainor, MD; Joel Horning, MD. Treatment of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures with lateral locking plates. Orthopedics. 2008; 31(5). 40. Strokel EA. Tibial plateau fractures-standardized evaluation of operative results. Orthopaedics. 1991; 14(3): 263-70. 41. Stokel EA, Sadasivan KK. Tibial plateau fractures: standardized evaluation of operative results. Orthopedics. 1991; 14: 263-270. 42. Touliatos AS, Xenakis T, Soucacos PH, Soucacos PN. Surgical management of tibial plateau fractures. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1997; 275: 92-96. 43. Landry S, Trenholm A, Deluzio K, McLaughlin K, Leighton R. A cadaver model of a tibial plateau fracture reveals increased compressive strength of bone substituting material over autograft. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 2001; 26: Poster no. 983. 44. Trenholm A, Landry S, McLaughlin K, Deluzio KJ, Leighton J, Trask K, Leighton RK. Comparative ï¬xation of tibial plateau fractures using alpha-BSM, a calcium phosphate cement, versus cancellous bone graft. J Orthop Trauma. 2005; 19: 698-702. 45. Poul S. Rasmussen, Gothenburg. Tibial condylar fractures: Impairment of the knee stability and indication for surgical management .J Bone and Joint Surgery 1973; 55A:1331-1350. 46. Bajammal SS, Zlowodzki M, Lelwica A, Tornetta P 3rd, Einhorn TA, Buckley R, Leighton R, Russell TA, Larsson S, Bhandari M. The use of calcium phosphate bone cement in fracture treatment. A meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008; 90(6): 1186-96.
A Study of Pulmonary Function: ‘Children versus Young Adults’ in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Madhu Babu K, Venkata Venu Gopala Raju S
Introduction: Pulmonary Function Tests are used to measure base¬line status of respiratory function, to monitor treatment and to estimate prognosis. The present study was aimed to determine pulmonary function tests values and to compare the different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75%, PEFR in children and young adults. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the pulmonary function tests in selected children and young adults, belonging to rural area of Guntur district. Fifty male subjects were considered for the study and divided them into two groups basing on the age. Pulmonary function tests were done with the help of Computerized Spirometer. Different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75% and PEFR were recorded. Results and Discussion: Increase of FVC of 153.49%, FEV1 of 133.33%, FEF25-75% of 80.54%, ERV of 84.78% and PEFR of 94.35% was observed in young adults, when compared to children. Statistical significance was obtained by using t test (P<0.001). Among the parameters studied, FVC and FEV1 showed a greater increase in young adults than the remaining parameters, when compared with children. Conclusion: In the current study, pulmonary function test values of children and young adults, a marked increase was observed in all the five parameters, from childhood to adulthood as per the body needs of oxygen. It is important to understand the improvement of pulmonary function test values with age among young adults, in interpretation of pulmonary function variations in different physiological and pathological settings.
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Clinical Study of Complications in Twin Gestation
P. L. Bhanap, A. R. Mahale
A retrospective study of twin pregnancies was done for a period of 6 months from 1st July 2001 to 31st December 2001 at labor and delivery ward admissions at Government Medical College, Nanded. Total 185 cases analyzed for obstetric and neonatal complications studied.Anemia was found universal. Prematurity was common. Dreaded complications like undelivered second twin was also encountered.Low birth weight and prematurity were less common in unregistered pregnant women.
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The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on the Body Composition, Blood Pressure, Heart Rate of Healthy
Young Adults B. Shruthi, Abrar Hassan, B. V. Reddy
During the month of Ramadan, Muslims refrain from drinking and eating between sunrise and sunset. This study is aimed to understand the effect of this long intermittent fasting schedule during Ramadan on body composition, and cardiovascular system in healthy young adults. Fifty healthy adults were included and were all tested before and on the 28th day of the Ramadan fast. The parameters studied were body composition, blood pressure and heart rate before and towards the end of the fasting. Significant changes were observed in the form of decreased body weight, Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip Ratio, body fat percentage, blood pressure and heart rate. Dominance of the sympathetic nervous system over the parasympathetic nervous system has been shown to be a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Weight loss has a positive effect on this balance and is associated with significant improvement in autonomic cardiac modulation through enhancement of parasympathetic effect. This increase in vagal tone has shown its effects on the blood pressure and heart rate in this study. At the cellular level fasting reduces the levels of oxidative stress at the same time it acts as repeated mild stress that induces expression of genes that enhance the ability of cells to cope with more severe stress. The effect of fasting on cardiovascular function should be further explored to recognize fasting as a potential non-pharmacological intervention for improving cardiovascular health.
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Saleh SA, El-Kemery TA et al:Ramadan fasting: relation to atherogenic risk among obese Muslims.Egypt Public Health Assoc.;79(5-6):461-83,2004. 26. Nizal Sarraf-Zadegan, Mahmood Atashi, Gholam A. ,Naderi,.BaghaiAM et al. The effect of fasting in Ramadan on the values and interrelations between biochemical, coagulation and hematological factors.Ann Saudi Med;20(5-6):377-381,2000. 27. Mager DE., Wan R, Brown M et al. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting alter spectral measures of heart rate and blood pressure variability in rats. The FASEB Journal; Vol. 20:631-637, April 2006. 28. Guy E. Alvarez, Brenda M. Davy et al.Weight loss increases cardiovagal baroreflex function in obese young and older men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E665-E669,2005. 29. M. Al-Kubati, B. Fišer, P. Homolka,:Ramadan Fasting And The Circadian Rhythm Of Blood Pressure, Heart Rate And Robinson Index Physiol. Res. 3PVol. 56,2007.. 30. Ismayil A, Ruiqian W, et al. Cardioprotection by Intermittent Fasting in Rats. Circulation, 112:3115-3121,2005. 31. Poirier P, Hernandez TL et al. Impact of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on the Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System in Severe Obesity Obesity Research Vol. 11 No. 9;1040-47, September 2003. 32. Lilian de J, Moreira E.A.M, et al: Impact of 6-month Caloric Restriction on Autonomic Nervous System Activity in Healthy, Overweight, Individuals. Obesity 18, 414–416,2010. 33. Garruti G, De Pergola G et al.34-day total fast in an adult man. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord;19(1):46-9,1995 Jan. 34. Mattson MP, Wan R:Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. J. Nutr Biochem.;16(3):129-37,2005 Mar. 35. Castello L, Froio T, Maina M et al: Alternate-day fasting protects the rat heart against age-induced inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative damage and NF-kB activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1;48(1):47-54,2010 Jan. 36. Chandrasekar B, Nelson JF et al .Calorie restriction attenuates inflammatory responses to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.; 280(5):H2094-102,2001 May. 37. Goodrick CL, Ingram DK et al. Effects of intermittent feeding upon body weight and lifespan in inbred mice: interaction of genotype and age. Mech Ageing Dev.;55(1):69-87, 1990 Jul. 38. Johnson JB, Laub DR et al. The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: eating less and more than needed on alternate day calorie restriction: eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life. Med Hypotheses.;67(2):209-11,2006.
Determination of Various Sociodemographic Factors Affecting Anemia in Pregnancy
Leela Khatod, Shruti Chidrawar, Santosh Bhangadia, Jivan Chakurkar, Shital Bhattad, Susheel Bhattad
Objective: Many sociodemographic factors are responsible for anemia in pregnancy such as age, parity, spacing, percapita income, number of ANC visits, educational status, dietary habits, occupation, type of family. We studied socio-demographic factors affecting anemia in pregnancy. Design: a cross sectional study. Setting: tertiary-care referral hospital. Participants: All the pregnant patients admitted in the hospital whose hemoglobin less than 10gm% were included in the anemic group and whose hemoglobin above 10 gm% were included in non anemic group. Intervention: detailed history which included various sociodemographic factors was taken; their association with anemia in pregnancy was studied. Outcome Measures: factors such as age, parity, spacing, percapita income, number of ANC visits, educational status, dietary habits, occupation, type of family and association with anemia in pregnancy. Results: 144 patients with hemoglobin <10gm% were included in the anemic group. 122 patients with hemoglobin more than or equal to 10gm% were taken as non anemic group. In Anemic group 90.97% of the patients were from lower socioeconomic class 3 and class 4. Only 09 (06.25%) patients from anemic group had more than 4 antenatal checkups, whereas in non anemic group 118(96.72%) cases out of 122 had more than 4 antenatal checkups. Conclusions: we found that anemia in pregnancy was more common in multiparous women, less birth spacing, lower income, number of ANC visits <4, low educational status, poor calorie intake and with vegetarian diet, but some factors like age, occupation and type of family had no correlation with anemia in pregnancy.
1. Kelly, H.A., Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography. Annals of Surgery, 1912. 56(3): p. 519. 2. Singh, K., Y. Fong, and S. Arulkumaran, Anaemia in pregnancy—a cross-sectional study in Singapore. European journal of clinical nutrition, 1998. 52(1): p. 65. 3. Agarwal, T., G. Kochar, and S. Goel, Impact of iron supplementation on anemia during pregnancy. Age, 2008. 4500(7000): p. 10. 4. Baker, S. Nutritional anaemia—a major controllable public health problem. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1978. 56(5): p. 659. 5. Brabin, B.J., M. Hakimi, and D. Pelletier, An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. The Journal of nutrition, 2001. 131(2): p. 604S-615S. 6. Hytten, F. and A. Thomson, Maternal physiological adjustments. Maternal Nutrition and the Course of Pregnancy, 1970: p. 41-73. 7. Singh, K., Y. Fong, and S. Arulkumaran, Anaemia in pregnancy--a cross-sectional study in Singapore. European journal of clinical nutrition, 1998. 52(1): p. 65. 8. Raghuram V, M.A., Jayaram S, Prevalence of anemia amongst women in the reproductive age group in a rural area in south india. Int J Biol Med 2012. 3(2): p. 1482-1484. 9. Javed, M.T., et al., A study on iron deficiency anemia and hematological differences around delivery in women of different socio-economic and age groups. Medical Journal of Islamic Academy of Sciences, 2001. 14(4): p. 151-160. 10. Gautam, V.P., et al., Prevelance of Amaemia Amongst Pregnant Women and its Socio-Demographic Associates in a Rural Area of Delhi. Indian J Community Med, 2002. 27(4): p. 10-2002. 11. Lokare, P., et al., A study of prevalence of anemia and sociodemographic factors associated with anemia among pregnant women in Aurangabad city, India. Annals of Nigerian Medicine, 2012. 6(1): p. 30. 12. Viveki, R., et al., Prevalence of Anaemia and Its Epidemiological Determinants in Pregnant Women. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Sciences, 2012. 5. 13. Madhavi L.H., H.K.G.S., Nutritional status of rural pregnant women. People journal of scientific Research, 2011. 4(2): p. 716-724. 14. Agarwal, T., G. Kochar, and S. Goel, Impact of iron supplementation on anemia during pregnancy. Age, 2008. 4500(7000): p. 10. 15. Pallavi R, S., Purushottam A, Giri,Rahul R Shidhaye, Prevalence of anemia in the postnatal women at tertiary care teaching hospital in mumbai. J of medical nutrition and Nutraceuticals, 2012. 1(1): p. 140-142. 16. Thangaleela, T. and P. Vijayalakshmi, Impact of anaemia in pregnancy. Indian journal of nutrition and dietetics, 1994. 31: p. 9251-6. 17. Jin L, C.M., prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in south east china. J Public Health Nutr 2010. 13(3): p. 1511-1518.
Correlation of Diabetic Retinopathy with Serum Lipids
Smita Dileep Javadekar, Sindal Deokrishna, Karambelkar V. H., Pooja Agrawal
Aim: To find out the Correlation of Diabetic retinopathy with serum lipids in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Settings and Design: Cross sectional nonrandomized study. Materials and Methods: 311 patients with more than 5 years of Type 2 diabetes were assessed for presence and severity of retinopathy and were co related with age, sex, duration of DM and serum lipids. Diabetic Retinopathy was diagnosed by fundus examination and classified according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading system. Results: Overall 76.5% (238) had DR and 23.5% (73) had no Diabetic Retinopathy. The mean serum cholesterol (P<0.05), serum triglycerides (P <0.05) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (P <0.05) concentrations were higher in subjects with Diabetic Retinopathy compared with those without Diabetic Retinopathy. Significant association of triglycerides (P< 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol with clinically significant macular edema (CSME) (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Significant association is found of dyslipidaemia with Diabetic Retinopathy and CSME.
1. Ramchandran A, Jali MV, Mohan V, Snehlata C, Vishvanathan M. Higher prevalence of diabetes in an urban population in south India BMJ 297, 587- 90, 1988. 2. Mohan V, Ramchandran A, Snehlata C, Mohan R, Bharni G, Vishvanathan M. High prevalence of maturity onset diabetes of young(MODY) among Indians Diabetes care 8, 371-4, 1985. 3. Mohan V, Sharp PS, Aber V, Mather HM, Kohner E M. Family histories of Asian Indianad European NIDDM patients Pract Diabetes(U.K.)3, 254- 6, 1986. 4. Vishvanathan M. Mohan V, Snehlata C, Ramchandran A High prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) among offspring of conjugal type 2 diabetic patients in south India. Diabetologica 28, 907-10, 1985. 5. Porta M, Bandello F. Diabetic retinopathy—a clinical update. Diabetologia, 45: 1617–1634, 2002. 6. Aiello LP, Cahill MT, Wong JS. Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol., 132:760–776, 2001. 7. Ferris FL 111, Patz A: Macular edema: a complication of diabetic retinopathy. Surv Ophthalmol 28:452-461,1984. 8. Marshall, S.M., & Flyvbjerg, A. Prevention & early detection of vascular complications of diabetes BMJ 333, 475- 480, 2006. 9. Dornan TL, Carter RD, Bron AJ, Turner RC, Mann JI. Low densitylipoprotein cholesterol: an association with the severity of diabeticretinopathy. Diabetologia., 22: 167–170, 1982. 10. Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE. Is serum cholesterol associated with progression of diabetic retinopathy or macular edema in persons with younger-onset diabetes of long duration? Am J Ophthalmol; 128: 652–654, 1999. 11. Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY, Hoogwerf BJ. Serum lipids and diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care; 19: 1291–1293, 1996. 12. Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL 3rd, Remaley NA, Murphy RP, Chantry K et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol; 114: 1079–1084, 1996. 13. Rema M, Mohan V, Susheela L, Ramachandran A, Viswanathan M. Increased LDL cholesterol in non insulin dependent diabetes with maculopathy. Acta Diabetologica Latina; 21: 85–89, 1984. 14. el Haddad OA, Saad MK. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among Omani diabetics. Br J Ophthalmol; 82:901–906, 1998. 15. Mouton DP, Gill AJ. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and evaluation of risk factors. A review of 1005 diabetic clinic patients. S Afr Med J.; 74: 399–402, 1998. 16. Marshall G, Garg SK, Jackson WE, Holmes DL, Chase HP. Factor influencing the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmolog; 100: 1133–1139, 1993. 17. Sinav S, Onelge MA, Onelge S, Sinav B. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in retinopathy of type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Ann Ophthalmol; 25: 64–66, 1993. 18. Kordonouri O, Danne T, Hopfenmuller W, Enders I, Hovener G, Weber B. Lipid profiles and blood pressure: are they risk factors for the development of early background retinopathy and incipient nephropathy in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? Acta Paediatr; 85: 43–48, 1996. 19. Weber B, Burger W, Hartmann R, Hovener G, Malchus R, Oberdisse U. Risk factors for the development of retinopathy in children and adolescents with Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia; 29: 23–29, 1986. 20. Sjolie AK, Stephenson J, Aldington S, Kohner E, Janka H, Stevens L et al. Retinopathy and vision loss in insulin dependent diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB IDDM complication Study. Ophthalmology; 104:252–260, 1997. 21. Larsson LI, Alm A, Lithner F, Dahlen G, Bergstrom R. The association of hyperlipidemia with retinopathy in diabetic patients aged 15–50 years in the county of Umea. Acta Ophthalmol Scand; 77: 585–591, 1999.
Orbital Cysticercosis Presenting as Proptosis
Vikas Chennamaneni
Orbital cysticercosis is a less common presentation of cysticercal infestation. Diagnosis is primarily by CT and MRI investigations. High resolution ultrasound is rarely used in the diagnosis. Patients can be managed conservatively with antihelminths and steroids. We present the case of a 10 years old girl presenting with proptosis of left eye and was diagnosed as extraocular orbital cysticercosis involving the inferior rectus muscle on high-resolution ultrasound and managed conservatively with antihelminths.
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Variations of Dermatoglyphic Features in Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Feroz khan J. Pathan, Rubeena N. Hashmi
Background: Man has always wondered about the significance of the peculiar arrangement of ridges on the volar aspect of palm and sole. The knowledge of dermatoglyphics is thousands of years old as evident from the stone carvings found at the edge of Kejimkoojik Lake in Nova Scotia and the walls of Neolithic burial passages found on the island of Brittany. The ancient Indian literature also describes various patterns as Chakra, Shankh and Padma. With the emergence of civilization, this interest was replaced by methodological and scientific study of these patterns.As dermatoglyphic features are strongly affected by genetic and environmental factors, the idea of using it as supportive evidence in the diagnosis of hereditary disorders becomes a reality. Objective: Present study intends to evaluate the relationship between dermatoglyphic features and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Material and method: Dermatoglyphic prints of one hundred non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients ( 50 male and 50 females) were taken for studyand compared with equal number of prints of healthy controls (50 males and 50 females). In this study fingertip patterns, Atd angle, a-b ridge count and C line type parameters were studied. Result: In diabeticpatientsfrequency of whorls is significantly increased;while frequency of ulnar loops is significantly decreased in cases as compared to controls. Arches and radial loops showed no significant changes.Atd angle showed no significant difference. A-b ridge count is significantly decreased in diabetics. C line type also showed significant difference in cases and controls.
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Thyroid Hormone Status of Normal Pregnant Women
Swati Tadas, Arun Tadas, Nilam Mishra, Aniruddha Jibhkate
Objectives: To study thyroid hormone status of normal pregnant women in each trimester and compare it with non-pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal type of study. Serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were estimated by ELISA technique in normal pregnant women (n=60) in each trimester and compared with age matched control (n=60). Results: We found significant increase in T3 and T4 level in 1st trimester (P<0.01) when compared to control group. In 2nd trimester values increased further (P<0.01) and in 3rd trimester increase was statistically highly significant (P<0.001). We observed decreased TSH level in 1st trimester (P<0.01) when compared to control group. In 2nd trimester values increased further but difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In 3rd trimester there was statistically significant rise in values when compared to control group. Conclusion: Interpretation of thyroid function test in pregnancy needs care and separate reference intervals should be used.
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Risk Factors for Myopia in Medical Students
N. S. Wakode, S. L. Wakode, D. D. Ksheersagar
Aim and introduction: Today in India, with increasing level of education and living standard, the prevalence and severity of myopia appear to be an upward trend. High incidence and progression rates of myopia have been reported in individuals who spend long hours in near work activity. Besides several other factors, possible genetic factor and occurrence of myopia was also determined. Material and method: The present study was carried on 222 MBBS students of NKP Salve Medical Collage and government medical collage Nagpur. Student completed questionnaire that include age, sex, age of appearance of refractive error, parent history, reading hours, computer using, television watching, playing videogame, scoring in common entrance, extra achievement in carrier and sport. Data was analyzed using SPSS frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation was calculated accordingly. Chi-square test was applied wherever applicable and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Assessing genetic component, 81(66.39%) myopic student parent show positive family history whereas 41 myopic student parent, (33.60%) did not have positive family history. Statistically it showed strong significant relationship. (P= 0.001). Average continuous reading hours of myopic student were about 25hrs/ wk and 10hrs/ wk for emmetropic student. It was statistically significant (P=0.001). Strong significant association was found in myopic student for scoring achievement in carrier other than regular study as compared to emmetropic (P=0.001). Total hours of work on computer, watching television and playing video games were statistically significant for myopic. Conclusion: Myopia is a predominant refractive error among the first year medical students. Majority of myopic students score highest marks in common entrance, achievement in carrier other than syllabus study. The prevalence of myopia shows association with computer, videogame and TV. Majority of the parents of myopic medical students are also found to be myopic.
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A Study of Efficacy of Misoprostol in Early Pregnancy Loss
R. P. Patange, Dileep P. Javadekar, Archana Rokade
This study aims to assess the efficacy of misoprostol in the management of missed miscarriage and anembryonic pregnancy. Data of 123 consecutive women with early pregnancy loss treated with medical method were collected prospectively in rural medical college hospital. Each woman received 600µg of misoprostol vaginally. Three hours following the first dose second dose was given if necessary. Women that failed to pass products of conception or had incomplete abortion on ultrasound scan were offered surgical evacuation. Success was defined as complete uterine evacuation within 12 hours on ultrasound scan, without need for surgical evacuation. Results: The overall success rate of medical management was 89.43%.the median dose of misoprostol required was 1200µg.and the median induction miscarriage interval after first dose of Misoprostal was 7.1±3.5 hours (range 6-10hrs) In 13 women medical method failed. Side effects were less common and mild.
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Double Inlet Left Ventricle - A Case Report
Vrushali V. Nikade, Saurabh P. Kulkarni, Sanjay K. Shivapuje†, M. V. Ambiye
Double inlet left ventricle is a very rare congenital anomaly which occurs in about 5 - 10 of 100,000 live births. Only the left ventricle of heart is developed properly and both atrial chambers carry blood into this ventricle. This means that oxygen-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor blood. The mixture is then pumped into both the body and the lungs. The problem most likely occurs early in the pregnancy, when the baby's heart develops. However, the exact cause of DILV is unknown. We are presenting here a case of 2 year old child with single ventricle having left ventricular morphology diagnosed by echocardiography. Great vessels were transposed and pulmonary artery was stenosed.
1. Perloff JK., Marelli AJ, Clinical recognition of congenital heart disease,Sixth edition, Elsevier Inc., 2012. 2. Cincinnatichildrens. Single ventricle anomalies and fontan circulation http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/s/sv/ 3. Understanding the genetic basis of congenital heart disease Smitha Ramegowda, Nallur B Ramachandra|, Indian journal of human genetics, 2005, vol 11 issue 1 pg 14-23 4. Double inlet left ventricle http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/medlineplus.html
A Comparative Study of Pulmonary Function Tests in Children and Adolescents, in a Rural Area of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Venkata Venu Gopala Raju S., Madhu Babu K., Chaitanya G.
Introduction: Pulmonary Function Tests are used to measure base¬line status of respiratory function, to monitor treatment and to estimate prognosis. The present study was aimed to determine pulmonary function tests values and to compare the different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75%, PEFR in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the pulmonary function tests in selected children and adolescents, belonging to rural area of Guntur district. Fifty male subjects were considered for the study and divided them into two groups basing on the age, who are in good health and without any signs and symptoms of disease. Pulmonary function tests were done with the help of Computerized Spirometer. Different parameters like FVC, FEV1, ERV, FEF25-75% and PEFR were recorded. Results and Discussion: Increase of FEV1 of 93.58%, FVC of 105%, ERVof 67.39%, FEF25-75% of 52.03%, PEFR of 46.19% was observed in adolescents, when compared to children. Statistical significance was obtained by using t test (P<0.001). Among the parameters studied, FVC showed a greater increase (i.e. 105%) in adolescents than the remaining parameters when compared with children. Conclusion: In the current study, Pulmonary function test values of children and adolescents, a marked increase was observed in all the five parameters, from childhood to adolescence as per the body needs of oxygen. It is important to understand the improvement of Pulmonary function test values with age among adolescents, in interpretation of PFT variations in different clinical settings.
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