Increased awareness about reproductive health amongst young girls is expected given the rate of growth of print and electronic media in India. Does availability of modern communication make us wise or we are just literate? Adolescent girls constitute about 22 % of the population. These would be mothers should know about reproductive health. This study was carried out during seminars for their reproductive health education. A pretest was carried out before seminars for family education. During time span of 2003 to 2012 many schools were visited in Marathwada region and this study is sample of 980 girls. A standard questionnaire was given to them before seminars and their knowledge and attitude evaluated. Many girls were well aware of these issues and at the end of seminars they were empowered with more knowledge.
1. Knowledge and attitude of rural adolescent girls regarding reproductive health issues. Pattanaik D et al. Natl Med J India.2000, May-Jun: 13(3):124-8.
2. Koff E, Rierdan J. Early adolescent girls’ understanding of menstruation. Women Health 1995, 22(4); 1-21.
3. Knowledge, attitude and beliefs about menarche of adolescent girls in Anand district, Gujrat. Eastern medittearranean Health Journal, vol. 12, no.3/4, 2006.
4. Dhital A D et al. Kathmandu university medical journal, 2 Oct 2005.
5. Understanding links between adolescent health and educational attainment. Margot I Jackson. Demography, 46(4); 671-694, Nov. 2009.
Study of Changes in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Risk Factors Due to Stress Using Physiological and Biochemical Profiles in Professional Urban Bus Drivers
Background: Driving bus in urban area is a demanding job and requires lot of physical and mental stability to perform the task with minimal hazards. The bus drivers are under continuous stress during the working hours and are prone for many diseases related to the changes induced by the stress, especially the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Aims: To examine the hemodynamic and biochemical changes in urban bus drivers which are the markers of increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk and to signify the importance of rest and avoidance of long driving hours resulting in stress. Settings and Design: This study was conducted on 50 healthy male professional drivers and 50 healthy male conductors in the age range of 21 to 40 years weighing 50 – 70 Kg. The drivers were compared with conductors of the same bus. Methods and Material: The variables were recorded on Sunday and on next working day in morning 0600 hours and in evening 1800 hours. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer; heart rate was measured using ECG. Blood and urine sample were collected for measurement of serum lipid profile and urine catecholamines. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure in the case group after driving hours compared to the values at rest and also when compared to the controls at the end of working hour. There were no significant changes in serum total cholesterol levels in the case group during the study period but the levels were significantly higher compared to the controls. The urine catecholamines levels showed highly significant elevation in levels in cases compared to levels at rest and to the controls at end of working hours though the first urine samples of the morning on both the study days did not show any significant difference. The study concludes that there are multiple risk factors that are significantly elevated in the bus drivers and can have cumulative effect to cause acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event which can be fatal to the driver and also dangerous to the others.
1. A J VAN DER BEEK. Lorry drivers' work stress evaluated by catecholamines excreted in urine. Occup Environ Med. 1995 July; 52(7): 464–469. (X13)
2. ANNETTE PETERS ET AL,Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction N engl j med 2004; 351:1721-1730 october 21, 2004
3. H NASRI et al, Coronary artery disease risk factors in drivers versus people in other occupationds. Arya journal, atherosclerosis, 2006, volume 2, issue 2 (12)
4. H HANNERZ AND F TUCHSEN, Hospital admissions among male drivers in Denmark. Occup environ med. 2001 april; 58(4): 253–260.
5. HARTVIG P, MIDTTUN O. Coronary heart disease risk factors in bus and truck drivers.Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983;52: 353–360.
6. HEDBERG GE, WIKSTRÖM-FRISÉN L, JANLERT U.Comparison between two programmes for reducing the levels of risk indicators of heart diseases among male professional drivers.occup environ med. 1998 aug;55(8):554-61.
7. IRAJ MOHEBBI et al, The Metabolic Syndrome and its Association with over Time Driving in Iranian professional Bus drivers,international j ournal of occupational hygiene, 2: 37 -41, 2010.
8. J. K. SLUITER, Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers. Occup Environ Med, 1998, 55, 407-413(X14)
9. J-C CHEN et al. Long driving time is associated with haematological markers of increased cardiovascular risk in taxi drivers. Occup environ med2005; 62:890–894.(4)
10. KARASEK RA, THEORELL T, SCHWARTZ JE, et al. Job characteristics in relation to the prevalence of myocardial infarction in the US Health Examination Survey (HES) and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). Am J Public Health 1988;78:910–18.
11. KYOUKO KUROSAKA1* et al Characteristics of coronary heart disease in japanese taxi drivers as determined by coronary angiographic analyses. Industrial health 2000, 38, 15–23 (1)
12. M TIMIO AND S GENTILI, Adrenosympatheticoveractivity under conditions of work stress. Br J PrevSoc Med. 1976 December; 30(4): 262–265.(7)
13. MAJ KOMPIER, Bus drivers:occupationalatress and stress prevention. TNO Prevention an d Health, Leiden (x11)
14. MICHAELS D, ZOLOTH SR. Mortality among urban bus drivers.int j epidemiol. 1991 jun;20(2):399-404. (x10)
15. MORRIS JN ET AL. Incidence and prediction of ischemic heart disease in London busmen. Lancet 1966; 2: 353–359.
16. NETTERSTROM B, LAURSEN P. Incidence and prevalence of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Copen-hagen. ScandJSoc Med1981; 9: 75–79.
17. P GUSTAVSSON et al. Myocardial infarction among male bus, taxi, and lorry drivers in middle sweden. Occup environ med. 1996 april; 53(4): 235–240.
18. PD WANG* AND RS LIN, Coronary heart disease risk factors in urban bus drivers Public health (2001) 115, 261–264 (3)
19. ROSENGREN A, ANDERSON K, WILHELMSEN L. Risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged male bus and tram drivers compared to men in other occupations: a prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Mar;20(1):82-7.(abstract)
20. TANJA G. M. et al Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension. 2000;35:880-886. (6)
21. TÃœCHSEN F, BACH E, MARMOT M. Occupation and hospitalization with ischaemic heart diseases: a new nationwide surveillance system based on hospital admissions. int j epidemiol. 1992 jun;21(3):450-9. (x8)
22. TÃœCHSEN F. int j epidemiol. Stroke morbidity in professional drivers in denmark 1981-1990. 1997 oct;26(5):989-94.
23. WINKLEBY MA, Excess risk of sickness and disease in bus drivers: a review and synthesis of epidemiological studies. int j epidemiol. 1988 jun;17(2):255-62. (x9).
Factors Influencing Animal Bite Cases and Practices among the Cases attending the Anti Rabies Clinic DMCH, Darbhanga (Bihar)
Abhay Kumar, Rishabh Kr. Rana, Sunil Kumar, Veena Roy, C. Roy
Introduction: Rabies is an enzootic and epizootic disease caused by a RNA virus (Genus: Lyssavirus, Family: Rhabdoviridae), is of worldwide importance, and is a practically 100 percent fatal disease even today, if not treated appropriately and in a timely fashion but easily preventable. There are many myths and false beliefs associated with animal bite and its management. This study is undertaken to highlight the factors influencing animal bite cases and practices regarding animal bites. Objective: 1. To determine the factors influencing the Animal Bite cases attending ARC, DMCH Darbhanga, Bihar. 2. To find out the practices related to animal bites among the cases attending ARC, DMCH Darbhanga, Bihar. Material and Methods: Study design: This is a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study conducted among 822 animal bite victims attended Anti Rabies Clinic, DMC Darbhanga. Duration: The duration of the study was 6 months, from May 2012 to November 2012 including data collection, data analysis and report writing. Study Population: The patients attending Anti Rabies Clinic DMCH, Darbhanga (Bihar) during the specified period. Tools: Semi structured proforma. Data Collection: The data collection was done through in-depth interviews with the animal bite victims attending OPD. Results: Animal bite cases attending ARC, Darbhanga are mostly male, Hindu, rural people those provoked the animal and they belonged to category III. Among all 9 cases were admitted with frank symptom of Hydrophobia. Conclusion: Wound toileting after a bite was lacking in most of the subjects. Many myths and false beliefs associated with animal bites and its management were present.
1. K Park, Park’s textbook of Preventive and social medicine , Rabies, 21st edition
2. Rabies prophylaxis APCRI guidelines, APCRI -2006
3. APCRI guidelines for rabies prophylaxis. Available at http://rabies.org.in/rabies/wpcontent/ uploads/2009/11/APCRI-Guidelines-for- Rabies-Prophylaxis.pdf. Accessed on November 22nd, 2012.
4. Epidemiology of Animal Bites and Rabies cases in India - A Multicentric study. Ichhpujani RL, Chhabra Mala, Mittal Veena, Singh J, Bhardwaj M,Bhattacharya D, Pattanaik SK, Balakrishnan N, Reddy AK, Sampath G, Gandhi N, Nagar SS, Lal Shiv, J. Commun. Dis. 2008; 40(1): 27-36
5. Pradeep Umarigar et al. , Profile of animal bite cases attending urban Health centres in surat city: a cross- sectional study, pISSN 0976 3325│eISSN 2229 6816
6. Epidemiological determinants of animal bite cases attending the anti- rabies clinic at V S General Hospital, Ahmedabad ,Venu Shah1, D V Bala2, Jatin Thakker3, Arohi Dalal3, Urvin Shah3, Sandip Chauhan3, Kapil Govani.3 Ex. PG Student, Dep. of Community Medicine, 2 Professor& Head, Dep. of Community Medicine, 3 PG Students, Dept of Community Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad.
A Comparative Study of Physical Growth in Urban and Rural School Children from 5 to 13 Years of Age
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the physical growth amongst healthy school children from the urban and rural areas of Sangli district, Maharashtra, India. A total of 2300 school children were taken for study, out of which 1390 were urban school children and 910 were rural school children. The anthropometric measurements like height and weight were taken. Height and weight of urban school children were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of rural school children. This was due to differences in nutritional and socio-economic environment in urban and rural areas. This was also due to better understanding of nutritional requirements, availability of different foods, and prevention and treatment of recurrent diseases, state of hygiene and parental literacy in urban areas as compared to rural areas.
1. I.C.M.R. Growth and physical development of Indian infant and children, Technical report series No.18, 1972.
2. Banik Datta N.D. Semi-longitudinal growth evaluation of children from birth to 14 years in different socioeconomic groups. Indian pediatrics 1982; 19, 353-59.
3. Banik Datta ND, Sushila Nayar, Krishna, Bakshi and Taskar A.D. Growth pattern of Indian school children in relation to nutrition and adolescence. Indian Journal of pediatrics 1973; 40, 173.
4. Shrivastav D.K., Thavrani U.P. and Kumar Gupta. Health examination of primary school children at Gwalior-part III: Anthropometric assessment. Indian pediatrics 1978; 15, 8, 672.
5. Phadake M.V. Growth norms in Indian children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1968; 56, 851.
6. Sahoo K, Hunshal S And Itagi S. Physical growth of school girls from Dharwad and Khurda districts. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Science 2011; 24, 2, 221-226.
7. Jelliffe D.B. The assessment of nutritional status of community. WHO Monogram Series 53, Geneva, 1966.
8. Nandy S, Irving M, Gordon D, Subramanian SV and Smith GD. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: New evidence from India. Bull World Organ 2005; 83, 210-216.
9. Indirabai K., Raghavaprasad S.V., Ravi Kumar and Reddy C.O. Nutritional and anthropometric profile of primary school children in Rural Andhra Pradesh. Indian pediatrics 1979;16, 12, 1085.
10. Bhandari B, Jain A.M., Padma Karna, Asha Mathur and SharmaV.K. Nutritional anthropometry of rural school children of Udaipur district. Indian Journal of pediatrics 1972;39, 1-11.
11. Mukerjee B. and Kaul K. K. Anthropometric observations- urban school children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1970;58, 1257.
12. Udani P.M. Physical growth of children in different socioeconomic groups in Bombay. Indian Journal of child Health 1963;12, 593-611.
13. Vijaya Raghavan, Darshan Singh and Swaminathan M.C. Heights and weights of well nourished Indian school children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1971; 59, 648-54.
14. Eiben O. G., Barabas A. and Nemeth A. Comparison of growth, maturation and physical fitness of Hungarian urban and rural boys and girls. Journal of Human Ecology 2005;17, 2, 93-100.
15. Mouzan M. E., Foster P., Herbish A. A., Salloum A. A., Omer A.A., Alqurashi M. and Kecojevic, T. Regional variations in the growth of Saudi children and adolescents. Annals of Saudi Medicine 2009;29, 5, 348-356.
A Cross Sectional Study of Domestic Violence in Married Women in Asudgaon Village of Raigad District
Abstract: Domestic violence is a wide spread, deeply ingrained health and social problem among women, which is silently borne by the victims. Domestic violence constitutes willful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault or other abusive behavior perpetrated by one family member, household member, or intimate partner against another. According to NFHS-3 (2005-06), the prevalence of domestic violence in ever-married women who have ever experienced spousal violence is 37.2%.1 Domestic violence has major implications on a woman’s health and victims hardly take recourse to law. Being a confidential, intimate and sensitive issue, women tend to hide or provide incomplete information, thereby making it crucial to understand the extent of domestic violence and its determinants. With this background, a community based, cross-sectional study on domestic violence was conducted during June to August 2010, among 250 randomly selected married women in Asudgaon village of Raigad district. The study endeavors to assess the prevalence of domestic violence, its causes including the demographic and socio-cultural determinants thereby helping the healthcare personnel in formulating comprehensive and effective strategies towards tackling this problem. A house to house visit was done and the women were interviewed personally using a pre-designed, pre-tested and structured questionnaire, designed to determine whether they were subjected to domestic violence and if yes, to assess its causes, including the demographic and socio-cultural determinants. The data collected on the day to day basis was compiled, tabulated and analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using Mean and Percentages. Out of the 250 married women, 83 women gave a positive history of domestic violence, thereby reporting a prevalence of 33.2%. The various causes for domestic violence, as reported by the affected females were conflict over cooking and household work (38.55%), wife’s nagging or arguing (32.53%), children related issues (30.12%) and economic distress (26.5%). Slapping (46.98%) was the commonest form of physical violence, followed by pulling hair (14.46%), twisting arm (13.25%) and having things thrown at her (13.25%). Experiences of sexual violence included marital rape (12.05%), being forced to have sex without protection (against pregnancy and STDs) (10.84%), being forced to perform unnatural sex (6.02%) and being forced to imitate acts as shown in pornographic films (4.82%). The most common socio-cultural risk factor for domestic violence, as reported by the respondents, was addiction (42.11%), followed by poverty (38.55%), husband brought up with the idea that wife-beating is acceptable (36.14%) and visiting brothels (16.86%). Among the reasons given by battered women to stay in violent relationships, most common cause was that the women were unaware about legal provisions (61.45%), followed by the fear of being looked down upon by the society (59.03%), for the sake of their children (54.22%) and the fear of complaining due to the threats received from the batterer (43.37%). 80.72% abused females were reported to have tolerated the violence. Only 5.26% of the affected females sought legal help to deal with the violence, while 15.66% females tried to convince the perpetrator. A comprehensive health sector response to this problem is needed whereby health sector can play a vital role in preventing violence against women, helping to identify abuse early, providing victims with the necessary treatment and referring women to appropriate care.
1. http://www.nfhsindia.org/pdf/India.pdf
2. http://infochangeindia.org/200710166734/Women/News/NFHS-III-40-of-Indian-women-face-domestic-violence.html
3. Parnapriya Saha, Dutta P K. Domestic violence against women in India: An overview. Health and Population- Perspectives and Issues: 27(4)231-245, 2004.
4. http://legalserviceindia.com/articles/dmt.htm
5. Kaur R, Garg S. Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda. Indian J Community Med. 2008; 33:73-6.
6. http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Chapter-15-Domestic-Violence.pdf
7. http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Gender_Women_and_Health_GBV-SEAR.pdf
8. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2002/9241545615_chap4_eng.pdf
9. http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Regional_Health_Forum_Volume_11_No_2_Domestic_violence_Maldives.pdf
10. Bontha V Babu and Shantanu K Kar. “Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issuesâ€. BMC Public Health 2009. 9:129 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-129.
11. Sarkar M. A study on domestic violence against adult and adolescent females in a rural area of West Bengal. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35:311-5.
12. S. Mitra “Domestic Violence along with its Sociocultural Determinants Among Pregnant Women Attending MCH Clinic of a Subdivisional Hospital in West Bengal†Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol 31, No. 4, October-December, 2006.
Abstract: Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both the testes have not passed down the scrotal sac. It may be unilateral or bilateral. It is categorized as true undescended testes in which testes are present in the normal path of descent, and ectopic testes in which testes are present at abnormal site. Common complications of Cryptorchidism are testicular cancer, sub fertility, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernia. In a male cadaver, the right testis was found in the inguinal region. It was dissected properly and the scrotal ligament was observed to be attached to the pubic region. The left testis was descended normally. On doing pathological examination of both testes only senile degenerative changes were observed. Patient had lived a life for 78 years without complication and was died of acute peritonitis.
1. Bailey and love’s, short practice of surgery, 24th edition, page no. 1404.
2. Kolon TF, Patel RP, Huff DS (2004). "Cryptorchidism: diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 31(3):469–80, viii– ix. doi:10. 1016/j.ucl. 2004.04.009. PMID 15313056.
3. Martin DC. Malignancy in the cryptorchid testis. Urol Clin North Am. 1982;9:371–6.
4. Moller H, Cortes D, Engholm G, Thorup J (1998). "Risk of testicular cancer with cryptorchidism and with testicular bio. PMC: 28664. psy: cohort study". BMJ 317 (7160): 729. PMID 9732342.
5. Pinczowski D, McLaughlin JK, Lackgren G, Adami HO, Persson I. Occurrence of testicular cancer in patients operated on for cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. J Urol. 1991;146:1291–4.
Sturge- Weber Syndrome: Case report with Ophthalmic Manifestations
Sturge Weber Syndrome sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is rare phakomatosis consisting neurological, skin, ocular manifestation. Ophthalmological features of this disease can vary greatly most relevant characteristic is represented by the glaucoma and is associated with vascular malformations of conjunctiva, episclera, choroid and retina. The goal of present paper is to report a case of 17 yrs old male patient with Sturge Weber Syndrome presenting its inherent clinical features and to underline the importance of its diagnosis in the clinical ophthalmological practice.
1. Weiss JS and Ritch R. Glaucoma in the phakomatosis In Ritch R , Shields B ,Kurpin T (Eds) . Glaucomas. St. Louis: The CV Mosby company 1989; 905-29.
2. Thomas –Sohl KA, Vaslov DF, Maria BL: SWS: review. Pediatr Neurol 2004`30:303-10.
3. Griffiths PD: SWS revisited: the role of neuroradiology. Neuropediatrics 1996, 27:284-294.
4. Girija AS, somnath V.A. case of hemiplegic migraine with leptomeningial angiomatosis. Neurol India 2002; 50:522-523.
5. Sujansky and Conradi , “outcome of SWS in 52 adults†American Journal of Medical genetics 57:35-45(1995) .
6. L.C. Dutta,Nitin K Dutta , MODERN OPHTHALMOLOGY, 3rd Edition, JAYPEE brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. New Delhi; Vol. 2, page No. 667-668.
A Comparative Study of the Acute Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular System in Smokers to the Non-Smoking Individuals
Background: Smoking is a serious global public health hazard and has already emerged as a major cause of death due to heart diseases. It is not recognized because of inadequate programmes to deal with it. Aims: The study has been conducted to evaluate and explain the acute cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoking in the habitual smokers and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking to avoid the complications. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in human lab of physiology department on 100 healthy male smokers and 50 healthy male non-smoker subjects in the age range of 21 to 40 years. Based on duration of exposure to cigarette smoking the smokers were again classified as short term smokers and long term smokers. The smokers were compared with non-smokers. Methods and Material: The smokers were given standard cigarette to smoke while the non-smokers did sham smoking using a cool drink straw. The variables were recorded at rest and immediately after smoking. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, heart rate was measured using ECG and Stroke volume and Cardiac Output were derived using Echocardiography. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output in both long term and short term smokers immediately after cigarette smoking compared to the non-smoking group after sham smoking. The study concludes that the acute effects can lead to acute cardiovascular events which are more important risk than long-term effects of tobacco smoking and especially in heavy smokers who are always in a state of constant abnormal hemodynamic state.
1. ANTHONISEN NR, SKEANS MA, WISE RA, MANFREDA J, KANNER RE, CONNETT JE: The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:233-239.
2. AUTHOR UNKNOWN: ‘Sold American!’-the first fifty years. Durham: American Tobacco Company; 1954)
3. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG YH, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N England J Med 1997; 336: 1276-82.
4. BUERGER L: Thromboangiitisobliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene. Am J Med Sci. 1908; 136:567-80.
5. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG Y, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 1998; 97: 2110-6.
6. BURGHUBER OC, PUNZENGRUBER C, SINZINGER H, HABER P, SILBERBAUER K. – Platelet sensitivity to Prostacyclin in smokers and non-smokers. Chest 1986; 90; 34-8.
7. DAVID W. IRVING* AND T. YAMAMOTO: Cigarette smoking and cardiac output: Postgraduate Medical School of London W.12.
8. DAVID C. MOSES, DONALD POWERS and LOUIS A. SOLOFF: Glucose Blockage of the Increase in Stroke Volume Produced by Smoking: Circulation 1964; 29; 820-824. AmHrtAss.
9. DOLL R: Fifty years of research on tobacco. J Epidemiol Biostatistics 2000, 5:321-329.
10. DOLL R, PETO R: Mortality in relation to smoking; 20 years’ observation of British male doctors. BMJ 1976; 4: 1525–36.
11. DUNHILL AH: The gentle art of smoking. Hatfield, Great Britain: The Steller Press, 1976, 142 pp.
12. GANONG: 22nd Ed, , Chapter 33, p: 635.
13. GLANTZ SA, PARMLEY WW: Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 1991; 83:1–12.
14. GRACE M. ROTH and RICHARD M. SHICK: Effect of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System of Man, Circulation 1958, 17:443-459.
15. GROPPELLI A, GIORGI DM, OMBONI S, PARATI G, MANCIA G: Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 May; 10(5):495-9.
16. JEFFREY E. HARRIS: Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease: Cigarette Smoke Is More Than a Triad of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No.7
17. MIRAIAN. J. F. KOOL, ARNOLD P.G. HOOKS, HARRY A.J STRUIJKER BOUDIER, ROBERT S. RENEMAN, LUC. M.A.B VAN BORTEL: Short and long – term effects of Smoking on Arterial wall properties in Habitual smokers: Journal of the Am Col of Cardiology, 1993, Vol. 22, No. 7.
18. PETO R, DARBY S, DEO H, SILCOCKS P, WHITLEY E, DOLL R: Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. Bmj 2000, 321:323-329.
19. POWELL JT: Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vascular Med 1998;3:21–8.
20. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann NY AcadSci 1993; 686:12–28.
21. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y AcadSci 1993; 686: 12-27; discussion 27-18.
22. RUBENSTEIN D, JESTY J, BLUESTEIN D: Differences between main-stream and Sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions. Circulation 2004; 109: 78-83.
23. SAMBOLA A, OSENDE J, HATHCOCK J, ET AL: Role of risk factors in the modulation of tissue factor activity and blood thrombogenicity. Circulation 2003; 107: 973-7.
24. WILL SIMPSON & JIM MCNEILL: Tobacco growing in France ~ early history 1556 1856, NicotianaBrittanica - The Cotswolds’ Illicit Tobacco Cultivation In The 17th Century.
25. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.The MPOWER package. Geneva 2008.
26. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION:The facts about smoking and health. 2006.
A Comparative Study of the Acute Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular System in Smokers to the Non-Smoking Individuals
Background: Smoking is a serious global public health hazard and has already emerged as a major cause of death due to heart diseases. It is not recognized because of inadequate programmes to deal with it. Aims: The study has been conducted to evaluate and explain the acute cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoking in the habitual smokers and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking to avoid the complications. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in human lab of physiology department on 100 healthy male smokers and 50 healthy male non-smoker subjects in the age range of 21 to 40 years. Based on duration of exposure to cigarette smoking the smokers were again classified as short term smokers and long term smokers. The smokers were compared with non-smokers. Methods and Material: The smokers were given standard cigarette to smoke while the non-smokers did sham smoking using a cool drink straw. The variables were recorded at rest and immediately after smoking. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, heart rate was measured using ECG and Stroke volume and Cardiac Output were derived using Echocardiography. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output in both long term and short term smokers immediately after cigarette smoking compared to the non-smoking group after sham smoking. The study concludes that the acute effects can lead to acute cardiovascular events which are more important risk than long-term effects of tobacco smoking and especially in heavy smokers who are always in a state of constant abnormal hemodynamic state.
1. ANTHONISEN NR, SKEANS MA, WISE RA, MANFREDA J, KANNER RE, CONNETT JE: The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:233-239.
2. AUTHOR UNKNOWN: ‘Sold American!’-the first fifty years. Durham: American Tobacco Company; 1954)
3. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG YH, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N England J Med 1997; 336: 1276-82.
4. BUERGER L: Thromboangiitisobliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene. Am J Med Sci. 1908; 136:567-80.
5. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG Y, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 1998; 97: 2110-6.
6. BURGHUBER OC, PUNZENGRUBER C, SINZINGER H, HABER P, SILBERBAUER K. – Platelet sensitivity to Prostacyclin in smokers and non-smokers. Chest 1986; 90; 34-8.
7. DAVID W. IRVING* AND T. YAMAMOTO: Cigarette smoking and cardiac output: Postgraduate Medical School of London W.12.
8. DAVID C. MOSES, DONALD POWERS and LOUIS A. SOLOFF: Glucose Blockage of the Increase in Stroke Volume Produced by Smoking: Circulation 1964; 29; 820-824. AmHrtAss.
9. DOLL R: Fifty years of research on tobacco. J Epidemiol Biostatistics 2000, 5:321-329.
10. DOLL R, PETO R: Mortality in relation to smoking; 20 years’ observation of British male doctors. BMJ 1976; 4: 1525–36.
11. DUNHILL AH: The gentle art of smoking. Hatfield, Great Britain: The Steller Press, 1976, 142 pp.
12. GANONG: 22nd Ed, , Chapter 33, p: 635.
13. GLANTZ SA, PARMLEY WW: Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 1991; 83:1–12.
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17. MIRAIAN. J. F. KOOL, ARNOLD P.G. HOOKS, HARRY A.J STRUIJKER BOUDIER, ROBERT S. RENEMAN, LUC. M.A.B VAN BORTEL: Short and long – term effects of Smoking on Arterial wall properties in Habitual smokers: Journal of the Am Col of Cardiology, 1993, Vol. 22, No. 7.
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Study of Serum Uric Acid and its Correlation with Intelligence Quotient and Other Parameters in Normal Healthy Adults
Usha Patil, Sandhya Divekar, Surekha Vaidya, V. M. Ruikar, M. S. Patwardhan
Abstract: The study of serum uric acid and its relationship with the intelligence of a person is quiet interesting. We have tried to find out correlation of serum uric acid and general intelligence in healthy medical students between age group of 17 to 20 years. We have also studied correlation of serum uric acid with type of food and difference in values in males and females. For present study 100 medical students in the age group of 17 to 20 yrs were selected. All the subjects were thoroughly examined. Standard IQ was determined by IQ test prescribed by M. C. Joshi.¹ the questionnaire comprised of 100 multiple choice questions with time limit of 20 minutes. I.Q. was determined by Weschsler’s² formula and as per marks they were grouped from genius to superior, above normal, normal, feeble minded, borderline and mentally deficient. The serum uric acid estimation was done by enzymatic method. Statistical analysis was done. It was observed that in male’s serum uric acid level was more than in females. No difference was found between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. There was highly significant positive correlation between serum uric acid and IQ. Higher serum uric acid level was found in those categorized under genius and superior, as compared to those having normal or borderline IQ. Whether IQ of a person and serum uric acid participate common gene loci has to be determined by further study.
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Analyzing the Dreams Coming True for Young Undergraduates of DMCH, Laherisarai ,Darbhanga using DREEM Score
Rishabh Kumar Rana, Sunil Kumar, Abhay Kumar, Veena Roy, C. Roy
Introduction Poor maintenance, unclean surroundings, and lots of other issues are a sine qua non with majority of Government Medical Colleges across the state. Majority of times it is seen that hasty decisions are made in the 1st Professional Year i.e. in the 1st Semester itself. As the students start to live, learn and imbibe in the local culture and atmosphere their concerns are minimized and number of students leaving the course midway in 3rd semester lessens. This study aims to measure the reasons for this in, statistical terms using DREEM1 ( Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure) Score. Objective: Analyze the level of satisfaction of undergraduate students after getting in the Medical College by assessing their Perception of the Educational Environment in the medical college through the DREEM Score. Methodology – A cross sectional study conducted in Darbhanga Medical College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga Bihar. Data was collected using 50 item Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure. . Total number of students was 170, 80 from 1st Semester and 90 from 3rd Semester. Study period was from September 2012- November 2012. The data obtained was analyzed using Medcalc . Results: According to DREEM Score, items having a mean score of ≥3.5 are positive points, ≤2 indicate problem areas, and between 2 and 3 are aspects of the study environment that could be improved. The 1st semester students scored less than 2 for 10 items (4, 9, 14, 25, 27,39, 42, 43, 48, and 49) and above 3 for 3 items (2, 10, and 19). 3rd semester students scored less than 2 for 10 items (3, 4, 9, 14, 17, 25, 27, 42, 48, and 49) and above 3 for 2 item (2 and 19). Scoring patterns in both the groups were similar except for 2 items (10 and 39). Conclusion - Considerations of climate in the medical school, along the lines of continuous quality improvement and innovation, are likely to further the medical school as a learning organization with the attendant benefits.
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Derivation of Demarcating Points for Sex Determination from Skull
Mohammad Laeeque, Vivek Kishanrao Nirmale, Chaya Vijay Diwan
Abstract: Craniometry is a branch of anthropometry through which cranial dimensions can be estimated. The study of sexual dimorphism is important clinically as well as in forensic anthropology. Head circumference and maximum biparital diameter were measured in a total of 98 skulls (60 males and 38 females) from the bone bank of the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Aurangabad. All the measurements were expressed in descriptive statistics i.e. mean; SD, range and mean ± 3S.D. are calculated. The p value of both parameters i.e. Head Circumference and Maximum Biparital diameter are found to be highly significant. (P value <0.001). Demarkating points were derived for the male and female skulls and these demarcating points were cross validated from the available samples. Accuracy of the demarcating points was established. A comparison of the data with the earlier works demonstrated the identical outcomes and highly significant results. The values are a reference tool for the evaluation in Indian race especially of Maharastra. This study is recommended to forensic anthropologists, craniofacial surgeons and medical practitioners and also serves as the basis for future studies on other ethnic group.
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A Study of Branching Pattern of Femoral Artery in Femoral Triangle in Cadavers
Abstract: Femoral artery is an area of interest for interventionalists. This study of 60 femoral arteries reveals posterior origin of profunda femoris from femoral artery more frequently. Medial circumflex femoral artery found to be arising more proximally than lateral. This artery more commonly originates from femoral artery than its lateral counterpart. It is also found absent in 2 cases.
1. MB Samarawickrama ,BG Nanayakkara , Branching pattern of the femoral artery at the femoral triangle: a cadaver study ,Galle Medical Journal, September 2009; Vol 14: No. 1.
2. DP Dixit, LAMehta, MLKothari. Variations in the Origin and Course of Profunda Femoris. J. Anat. Soc. India 50(1) 6-7 ,2001; 50(1): 6-7.
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The Study of Variation of Structures in Hepatoduodenal Ligament and Its Co-Relation with Surgical Anatomy of Liver Transplantation
Kalyankar A. G., Shingare P. H., Diwan C. V., Kawale D. N.
Abstract: Variations in biliary tree and its associated vascular elements are very frequent, hence it is important to identify major structures in this area before surgery is attempted, because injury to these structures may result in troublesome hemorrhage and subsequent injury to common bile duct or hepatic ducts or even the inadevarant ligation to the right or common hepatic arteries results into hepatic infarction, necrosis or so called liver death. Similarly variations in duct system can be basis of serious and fatal complications. Hence the study of variations in hepatic pedicle is of interest to both surgeons and anatomist.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the presentation of types and frequency of variations of structures in hepatic pedicle. Aim was to study hepatoduodenal ligament for its morphology, contents and variation of its contents and to co-relate its importance in liver transplantation.A total of 100 cadavers were dissected as per the routine method with routine instruments. The hepatoduodenal ligament was dissected and its contents were followed towards the portahepatis. The branching pattern of hepatic artery and portal vein as well as morphology of extra hepatic biliary system was noted. After collecting the data, statistical analysis was done.Results showed the normal branching pattern of proper hepatic artery in 86% cadavers and remaining 14% cadavers had variations were of 3 types. The branching pattern of portal vein was normal in 56% cadavers while a variation in branching pattern of portal vein was seen in 44% cadavers.The draining pattern of extra hepatic biliary drainage system was normal in 90% cadavers and its variants were seen in 10% of cadavers. The number of cadavers having all 3 structures in normal pattern was 43% of cadavers only.The study shows significant frequency of variations in the anatomy of contents of hepatoduodenal ligament. Hence a detailed study of these structures is warranted before and during hepatic transplant procedures to avoid post operative complications such as biliary ischemia, stricture or hemorrhage.
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6. Flint ER (1923) Abnormalities of the right hepatic, cystic and gastroduodenal arteries and the bile ducts. British Journal of Surgery 10:509-19.
7. Hicken NF, Coray QB, and Franz B (1949) Anatomical variation of the extrahepatic biliary system as seen by cholangiographic studies. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 88:577.
8. Huang TL, Cheng YF, and Chen CL, Lee TY (1996) Variants of bile ducts: clinical application in the potential donor of living related hepatic transplantation. Transplantation proceedings 28(3): 1669-70.
9. ICMR: Ethical guidelines for Biomedical Research on human subjects. Instatement of specific principles for Research in transplantation including fetal tissue transplantation. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi (2000) 67-85.
10. Johnston EV, Anson BJ (1952) Variations in the formation and vascular relationship in bile ducts. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 94:669.
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12. Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, Bechstein WO, et al (1994) Technique and results of biliary reconstruction using side to side choledochocholedochostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants. Annals of Surgery 219(4): 426-34.
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18. SirajSaadaldin, Jean Yvesmabrut et al (2006) Anatomic variation of the hepatic artery: study of 932 cases in liver transplantation. Surg. RadiolAnat 28:486-473.
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23. Yamaguchi T, Yamaoka Y, Mori K, et al.(1993) Hepatic vein reconstruction of the graft in partial liver transplantation from living donor : Surgical procedures relating to their anatomic variations. Surgery 114:976-83.
Congenital Unilateral Renal Agenesis in Association with Genital Anomalies: A Case Report
Congenital unilateral renal agenesis occurs in a incidence of 1 in 450 to 1000 birth, and diagnosed incidentally during imaging examination. Genital anomalies occur in 37–60% of females and 12% of males and 25% of them have associated cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skeletal abnormalitise. Here we present one case of congenital unilateral renal agenesis in association with genital anomalies.
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Epidemiological Study of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Yavatmal District
Kalbande A. B., Khakse G. M., Priya D., Tamgadge P. B.
Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is now accepted globally as an Indian disease, having highest malignant potential than any other oral premalignant lesions. The understanding of the exact role of alkaloids and other etiological agents with respect to pathogenesis will help the management and treatment modalities. Material & Methods: 370 patients of Oral Submucous Fibrosis attending the Dental out-patient clinic of S.V.N. Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, over a period of one year, were selected for study. A detailed case history and clinical examination was done in visible light. The diagnosis of OSMF was difficulty in opening the mouth and associated blanched oral mucosa with palpable fibrous bands. Results: Of the 370 cases of OSMF studied, 223 (60.3%) cases were males and 147 (39.7%) cases were females. 547 (39.9%) patients chewed gutkha, 30% chewed betel nut and the remaining 27% chewed betel quid.
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7. Wahi PN, Kapoor VL, Luthra UK, Srivastava MC. Submucous Fibrosis of the oral cavity: 2. Studies on Epidemiology. Bull WHO 1966;35:793-9.
8. Shah N, Sharma PP. Role of chewing and smoking habits in the aetiology of oral submucous fibrosis: A case control study. J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:475-9.
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Congenital Miliaria Crystallina Associated With Right-Sided Diaphragmatic Eventration: A Rare Case Report
Miliaria crystallina (MC) is a transient, self-limiting, superficial obstruction of the eccrine sweat ducts resulting in rapidly surfacing, tiny, clear, noninflammatory vesicle,which is frequently seen in hot, humid, tropical climates. Congenital occurrence is rare but appearance in the neonatal period is most likely due to lack of maturation of the sweat duct. Here we report a case of congenital MC in a baby with right sided diaphragmatic eventration.
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Hemosuccus Pancreaticus Upper GI Bleed: In a Child, a Rare Case Report
Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare but potentially life threatening upper GI bleed via ductus pancreaticus major and ductus pancreaticus minor . The intensity of bleeding varies from intermittent occult bleeding to massive acute bleeding causing even death . We report a rare case of a 10-year old girl who presented with hematemesis and melena. The source of bleeding was pseudo aneurysm of splenic artery, bleeding into GIT via pancreatic duct.
Though there are more than 100 cases reported in adults [1], reports in children are limited[2] [3]. There is a report from India with calcific pancreatitits induced gastroduodenal artery aneurysm[4] but none with splenic artery aneurysm.
1. Lermite E et al. Pancreas 2007; 3: 229-32.
2. Jae Young Kim, Seong Ho Choi, Jong Sool Ihm, Su Jin Kim, Inn Ju Kim, and Cheol Min Kim. A case of R122H mutation of cationic trypsinogen gene in a pediatric patient with hereditary pancreatitis complicated by pseudocyst and hemosuccus pancreatitis. Korean J. Gastroenterology. 2005 Feb,45(2):130-6.
3. L Sbihi et R Dafiri. Unusual case of Hematemesis in a child: rupture of splenic artery aneurysm. J.radiology 2009 Mar; 90; 315-7.
4. Agarwal P et al. Pediatric Radiology 1994; 24: 539-540.
5. Koren M, Kinova S, Bedeova J, Javorka V, Kovacova E, Kekenak L. Hemosuccus pancreaticus. Bratisal Lek Litsy 2008; 109(1), 37-41.
Acute Diarrhoea in a Child: Fish Tape Worm Infestation- We All May Miss!
Diphyllobothrium latum is a platyhelminth otherwise called as fish tape worm. It is endemic in areas where humans frequently consume raw or pickled fish. Diphyllobothrium latum infection is typically an asymptomatic condition. Patients do not usually observe passage of segments in the stool as noted in other tapeworm infections. A few reports have documented patients who presented after vomiting a ball of worms that were determined to be fish tapeworms.
We report a rare case of Fish Tape Worm Infestation that occurred in India.
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2. Baily G: Other cestode infection: intestinal cestodes, cysticercosis, other larval cestode infections. In Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Volume Chapter 85..21 edition. Edited by: Cook GC, Zumla AI. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2003:1593-1596.
3. Devi CS, Srinivasan S, Murmu UC, Barman P, Kanungo R: A rare case of diphyllobothriasis from Pondicherry, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007, 25:152-154.
4. Pancharatnam S, Jacob E, Kang G: Human diphyllobothriasis: first report from India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:179-180.
5. Kumar CS, Anand Kumar H, Sunita V, Kapur I: Prevalence of anemia and worm infestation in school going girls at Gulbarga, Karnataka. Indian Pediatr 2003, 40:70-72.
6. Lee EB, Song JH, Park NS, Kang BK, Lee HS, Han YJ, Kim HJ, Shin EH,Chai JY: A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2007, 45:219-223.
Need of Evaluation of the Present Status of Environmental Conditions of Completed River Valley Projects – Jayakwadi Project a Case Study
Abstract: Every dam causes partly temporary and partly permanent submergence of land in the upstream and displacement of resident persons and their property, along-with submergence of plant life and disruption to animal life. It is necessary to evaluate and monitor the post project impacts and whether the envisaged benefits are achieved. Hence it is essential to evaluate the impacts, adverse or beneficial in order to minimise the adverse impacts and maximise the beneficial impacts for equitable distribution of water resource. The effect of a project of this magnitude has never been studied. An in depth analysis will identify the long-term positive and negative impacts on environment, socio-economic development and on physical factors such as soil, water and air. This evaluation will also result in providing a measurement criteria and yardsticks for carrying out EIA for future water resources projects.
1. Technical data obtained from project Authority like Detailed Project Report and the Maps of the project
2. Web Sites data provided by Ministry of Environment and Forests New Delhi Government of India.
3. Pre-project baseline data, secondary data will be used for detailed studies
4. Dictionary of Environmental Science by Bruce Wyman & L. Harold Stevenson
5. Environmental Encyclopedia by Cunningham, Cooper, Graham, Hepworth
6. Risk Assessment: An Environmental Perspective by Peter K. LaGoy
7. R. S. Goel (1996); Environmental Impact Assessments for the Water Resources Projects by
8. Alan Gilpin (1996); Environmental Impact Assessment; Cutting Edge for the Twenty First Century. Cambridge University Press.
9. Guidelines for the Environmental Clearance provided by the Ministry of Environment & Forest under Environment (Protection) Act 1994 & amended in 2006
10. Guidelines for the Forest Clearance provided by the Ministry of Environment & Forest under Forest (Conservation) Act 1980
11. Central Water Commission New Delhi guidelines and website
Comparison of Environmental Impact of Barrages and Large Dam by Checklist Method
Abstract: This article focuses on the environmental & social impacts of the River Valley Projects, while pinpointing the vital need of large storage water resources projects in India. The water is becoming scarcer in India due to increase in population; on the other hand due to creation of large dams it is resulting environmental impacts. The paper aims at clarifying implementation of the minor & medium projects on the river with minimizing the environmental impacts & leading towards a sustainable growth.
1. Goel R.S. (1996); Environmental Impact Assessment for the Water Resources Projects. Proc. Symp. Earth Sciences in Environmental Assessment & Management. Lucknow
2. Anon. (1986); Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purposes under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
3. Anon Sulwade Medium Project Report, Lower Tapi Project Report
4. Anon.(1994); Handbook of Environmental Procedures and Guidelines GoI, MoEF, New Delhi
5. Anon.(2004); Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Waghur Dam Irrigarion Project
6. Goel R.S. & Suresh Chandra (2002); Environmental & Social Aspects of hydropower & River Valley Projects
7. Archana Godbole & DD Naik (2003); Procedures & practices necessary for EIA and Checklist for conducting EIA
8. Vikas Salunkhe & Sachin Joshi (2002); Early prediction, management & mitigation of Environmental impacts : A case study Malshej ghat pumped storage scheme (MGPSS) in Maharashtra
9. Alan Gilpin (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment - Cutting Edge for the twenty-first century, Cambridge University Press.
Comparison of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Neck Masses
G. G. Swamy, B. Chandrasekhar, J. Parameswari, S. Madhuravani
Objective: Neck masses are a common clinical finding, affecting all age groups. These lumps may be extremely worrying for both physician and patient, as a wide variety of pathological conditions. Accurate cytological analysis has played a major role in evaluation and planning for surgery. We attempted to evaluate the role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in diagnosing lump lesions of the neck region and to review the diversity of lesions in the patients attending the hospital. Material and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively in the Department of pathology at Great Eastern Medical School- Teaching Hospital, Srikakulam, India a tertiary health care centre. The target population comprised patients presenting with palpable masses at neck region during the period of December 2010 to December 2012. The accuracy of FNAC was verified by histological examination in this final study group of (n=136) patients. Results: In these (n=136) patients, twenty were males and hundred were females. Thyroid gland (60%) was the commonest site aspirated, followed by lymph node (35%), and soft tissue lesions (5%). In our study the sensitivity was 87.5%, the specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value was 100%, the negative predictive value was 98.50% and false negatives were 12.0%. Summary and Conclusion: We concluded that FNAC is a safe, cost-effective, sensitive and specific technique in the initial evaluation of head and neck masses. A correct cytological diagnosis can be achieved in a majority of cases, avoiding the need for surgical interventions.
1. J.E. Russ, E.F. Sacnion, A.M. Christ. Aspiration cytology of head and neck masses. Am J Surg.1978; 136:342–7.
2. G. Mahbod, F. Koasri, M.A. Tafreshi. Fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing non thyroidal neckmasses. Acta Med Iran. 2002; 40:49–51.
3. V.Tilak, A.V. Dhaded, R. Jain. Fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck masses. Indian JPatholMicrobiol 2002; 45(1):23-30.
4. N. Dorairajan, N. Jayashree. “Solitary nodule of the thyroid and the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis. J Ind Med Ass 1996; 94(2):50-2.
5. M.Bouvet, J.I. Feldman, G.N. Gill et al. Surgical management of the thyroid nodule: patient selection based on the results of fine-needle aspiration cytology, Laryngoscope1992; 102(12):1353-6.
6. R.C. Hamaker, M.I.Singer, R.V. DeRossi, et al. Role of needle biopsy in thyroid nodules. Archives of Otolaryngology 1983; 109(4):225–8.
7. M.Radetic, Z.Kralj, I.Padovan. Reliability of aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodes: study of 2190 operated patients. Tumori 1984; 70 (3):271–6.
8. H.M.Al-Sayer, Z.H. Krukowski,V.M.Williams, et al.Fine needle aspiration cytology in isolated thyroid swellings: a prospective two year evaluation. Brit Med J 1985; 290:1490-2.
9. E.L.Cusick, C.A.MacIntosh, Z.H.Krukowski et al. Management of isolated thyroid swelling: a prospective six year study of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis. Brit Med J 1990; 301:318–21.
10. A.Kessler, H.Gavriel, S.Zahav, et al. Accuracy and consistency of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of solitary thyroid nodules. Israel Med Ass J 2005; 7(6):371–3.
11. A.D.Brooks, A.R.Shaha,W.D.Mornay. Role of fine needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section analysis in the surgical management of thyroid tumors. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2001;8(2):92–100.
12. R. J. DeVos, T.N. Cappel, N.D. Bouvy et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodules: how accurate is it and what are the causes of discrepant cases. Cytopath 2000; 12 (6):399-405.
13. A.K.Gupta, M. Nayar, M.Chandra. Critical appraisal of fine needle aspiration cytology in tuberculous lymphadenitis. Acta cytol 1992; 36(3):391-4.
14. S. Kumara, N. Chowdhury. Accuracy, limitations andpitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours by fineneedle aspiration cytology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2007; 50 (1):42-5.
Classifying Gait Patterns of Older Adults by Movement Control and Biomechanical Factors: Validation by Gait and Physical Performance Measures
Shyam D. Ganvir, Suvarna S.Ganvir, Amit V Nagrale, Abhijit D.Diwate
Background: While gait patterns of older adults with mobility problems vary, the patterns are rarely used to plan interventions. The purpose of this study was to establish concurrent validity of a clinically useful classification system using gait and physical performance measures. Methods: Community-dwelling male veterans (n=106; mean 76 ± 7.1) referred for mobility problems were videotaped for evaluation. Gait patterns have been classified using structured clinical observation and along movement control factors (consistent, inconsistent) & biomechanical factors (posture: usual, flexed, extended, crouched). Pair wise comparisons across various groups were performed to validate the gait classification using gait parameters (gait speed, step length, width and variability), lower extremity range of motion and muscle strength, physical function in ADL (Physical Performance Test, PPT) and gait abnormalities (GARS-M). Results: Consistent and inconsistent groups were different in gait speed (0.66 and 0.49m/s, respectively; p=0.003), step length (0.46 and 0.38m; p=0.008), step length variability (7.47% and 12.74%; p=0.043), the PPT (15.80 and 11.73; p<0.001) and GARS-M (5.83 and 10.66; p<0.001). Within both consistent and inconsistent groups, four groups defined by postural patterns, also differed in gait speed, step length, PPT and GARS-M scores (p<.05). Conclusion: Gait pattern classification based on movement control and biomechanical factors has good concurrent validity with respect to gait and physical performance measures of mobility.
Abstract: Mandatory premarital HIV testing is gaining more ground especially among youths in Dakar but the perceptions of the young persons affected by this request have not been adequately explored. This study used a qualitative approach to assess the perceptions of unmarried youths regarding mandatory pre-marital HIV testing. Six focus group discussions were conducted among male and female youths in Dakar areas. Many of the participants were aware of mandatory pre-marital HIV testing and majority had a positive perception of the practice. Though participants were of the view that a positive HIV status at that stage would signify the end of the relationship, most of the female participants were against the cancelation of intending marriages by religious organizations because of sero-discordance. Even though majority wanted the results to be given to the couple, most would like the religious leader to disclose the result. The need for post-test counselling was stressed by many of the participants.
Issue details
Knowledge and Attitude of School Girls about Reproductive Health
P. L. Bhanap, Ajay Mane
Increased awareness about reproductive health amongst young girls is expected given the rate of growth of print and electronic media in India. Does availability of modern communication make us wise or we are just literate? Adolescent girls constitute about 22 % of the population. These would be mothers should know about reproductive health. This study was carried out during seminars for their reproductive health education. A pretest was carried out before seminars for family education. During time span of 2003 to 2012 many schools were visited in Marathwada region and this study is sample of 980 girls. A standard questionnaire was given to them before seminars and their knowledge and attitude evaluated. Many girls were well aware of these issues and at the end of seminars they were empowered with more knowledge.
1. Knowledge and attitude of rural adolescent girls regarding reproductive health issues. Pattanaik D et al. Natl Med J India.2000, May-Jun: 13(3):124-8. 2. Koff E, Rierdan J. Early adolescent girls’ understanding of menstruation. Women Health 1995, 22(4); 1-21. 3. Knowledge, attitude and beliefs about menarche of adolescent girls in Anand district, Gujrat. Eastern medittearranean Health Journal, vol. 12, no.3/4, 2006. 4. Dhital A D et al. Kathmandu university medical journal, 2 Oct 2005. 5. Understanding links between adolescent health and educational attainment. Margot I Jackson. Demography, 46(4); 671-694, Nov. 2009.
Study of Changes in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Risk Factors Due to Stress Using Physiological and Biochemical Profiles in Professional Urban Bus Drivers
Mohd. Rasheeduddin Imran, B. Syamala Devi
Background: Driving bus in urban area is a demanding job and requires lot of physical and mental stability to perform the task with minimal hazards. The bus drivers are under continuous stress during the working hours and are prone for many diseases related to the changes induced by the stress, especially the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Aims: To examine the hemodynamic and biochemical changes in urban bus drivers which are the markers of increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk and to signify the importance of rest and avoidance of long driving hours resulting in stress. Settings and Design: This study was conducted on 50 healthy male professional drivers and 50 healthy male conductors in the age range of 21 to 40 years weighing 50 – 70 Kg. The drivers were compared with conductors of the same bus. Methods and Material: The variables were recorded on Sunday and on next working day in morning 0600 hours and in evening 1800 hours. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer; heart rate was measured using ECG. Blood and urine sample were collected for measurement of serum lipid profile and urine catecholamines. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure in the case group after driving hours compared to the values at rest and also when compared to the controls at the end of working hour. There were no significant changes in serum total cholesterol levels in the case group during the study period but the levels were significantly higher compared to the controls. The urine catecholamines levels showed highly significant elevation in levels in cases compared to levels at rest and to the controls at end of working hours though the first urine samples of the morning on both the study days did not show any significant difference. The study concludes that there are multiple risk factors that are significantly elevated in the bus drivers and can have cumulative effect to cause acute cardiovascular or cerebrovascular event which can be fatal to the driver and also dangerous to the others.
1. A J VAN DER BEEK. Lorry drivers' work stress evaluated by catecholamines excreted in urine. Occup Environ Med. 1995 July; 52(7): 464–469. (X13) 2. ANNETTE PETERS ET AL,Exposure to traffic and the onset of myocardial infarction N engl j med 2004; 351:1721-1730 october 21, 2004 3. H NASRI et al, Coronary artery disease risk factors in drivers versus people in other occupationds. Arya journal, atherosclerosis, 2006, volume 2, issue 2 (12) 4. H HANNERZ AND F TUCHSEN, Hospital admissions among male drivers in Denmark. Occup environ med. 2001 april; 58(4): 253–260. 5. HARTVIG P, MIDTTUN O. Coronary heart disease risk factors in bus and truck drivers.Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1983;52: 353–360. 6. HEDBERG GE, WIKSTRÖM-FRISÉN L, JANLERT U.Comparison between two programmes for reducing the levels of risk indicators of heart diseases among male professional drivers.occup environ med. 1998 aug;55(8):554-61. 7. IRAJ MOHEBBI et al, The Metabolic Syndrome and its Association with over Time Driving in Iranian professional Bus drivers,international j ournal of occupational hygiene, 2: 37 -41, 2010. 8. J. K. SLUITER, Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers. Occup Environ Med, 1998, 55, 407-413(X14) 9. J-C CHEN et al. Long driving time is associated with haematological markers of increased cardiovascular risk in taxi drivers. Occup environ med2005; 62:890–894.(4) 10. KARASEK RA, THEORELL T, SCHWARTZ JE, et al. Job characteristics in relation to the prevalence of myocardial infarction in the US Health Examination Survey (HES) and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES). Am J Public Health 1988;78:910–18. 11. KYOUKO KUROSAKA1* et al Characteristics of coronary heart disease in japanese taxi drivers as determined by coronary angiographic analyses. Industrial health 2000, 38, 15–23 (1) 12. M TIMIO AND S GENTILI, Adrenosympatheticoveractivity under conditions of work stress. Br J PrevSoc Med. 1976 December; 30(4): 262–265.(7) 13. MAJ KOMPIER, Bus drivers:occupationalatress and stress prevention. TNO Prevention an d Health, Leiden (x11) 14. MICHAELS D, ZOLOTH SR. Mortality among urban bus drivers.int j epidemiol. 1991 jun;20(2):399-404. (x10) 15. MORRIS JN ET AL. Incidence and prediction of ischemic heart disease in London busmen. Lancet 1966; 2: 353–359. 16. NETTERSTROM B, LAURSEN P. Incidence and prevalence of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Copen-hagen. ScandJSoc Med1981; 9: 75–79. 17. P GUSTAVSSON et al. Myocardial infarction among male bus, taxi, and lorry drivers in middle sweden. Occup environ med. 1996 april; 53(4): 235–240. 18. PD WANG* AND RS LIN, Coronary heart disease risk factors in urban bus drivers Public health (2001) 115, 261–264 (3) 19. ROSENGREN A, ANDERSON K, WILHELMSEN L. Risk of coronary heart disease in middle-aged male bus and tram drivers compared to men in other occupations: a prospective study. Int J Epidemiol. 1991 Mar;20(1):82-7.(abstract) 20. TANJA G. M. et al Effects of work stress on ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Hypertension. 2000;35:880-886. (6) 21. TÜCHSEN F, BACH E, MARMOT M. Occupation and hospitalization with ischaemic heart diseases: a new nationwide surveillance system based on hospital admissions. int j epidemiol. 1992 jun;21(3):450-9. (x8) 22. TÜCHSEN F. int j epidemiol. Stroke morbidity in professional drivers in denmark 1981-1990. 1997 oct;26(5):989-94. 23. WINKLEBY MA, Excess risk of sickness and disease in bus drivers: a review and synthesis of epidemiological studies. int j epidemiol. 1988 jun;17(2):255-62. (x9).
Factors Influencing Animal Bite Cases and Practices among the Cases attending the Anti Rabies Clinic DMCH, Darbhanga (Bihar)
Abhay Kumar, Rishabh Kr. Rana, Sunil Kumar, Veena Roy, C. Roy
Introduction: Rabies is an enzootic and epizootic disease caused by a RNA virus (Genus: Lyssavirus, Family: Rhabdoviridae), is of worldwide importance, and is a practically 100 percent fatal disease even today, if not treated appropriately and in a timely fashion but easily preventable. There are many myths and false beliefs associated with animal bite and its management. This study is undertaken to highlight the factors influencing animal bite cases and practices regarding animal bites. Objective: 1. To determine the factors influencing the Animal Bite cases attending ARC, DMCH Darbhanga, Bihar. 2. To find out the practices related to animal bites among the cases attending ARC, DMCH Darbhanga, Bihar. Material and Methods: Study design: This is a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study conducted among 822 animal bite victims attended Anti Rabies Clinic, DMC Darbhanga. Duration: The duration of the study was 6 months, from May 2012 to November 2012 including data collection, data analysis and report writing. Study Population: The patients attending Anti Rabies Clinic DMCH, Darbhanga (Bihar) during the specified period. Tools: Semi structured proforma. Data Collection: The data collection was done through in-depth interviews with the animal bite victims attending OPD. Results: Animal bite cases attending ARC, Darbhanga are mostly male, Hindu, rural people those provoked the animal and they belonged to category III. Among all 9 cases were admitted with frank symptom of Hydrophobia. Conclusion: Wound toileting after a bite was lacking in most of the subjects. Many myths and false beliefs associated with animal bites and its management were present.
1. K Park, Park’s textbook of Preventive and social medicine , Rabies, 21st edition 2. Rabies prophylaxis APCRI guidelines, APCRI -2006 3. APCRI guidelines for rabies prophylaxis. Available at http://rabies.org.in/rabies/wpcontent/ uploads/2009/11/APCRI-Guidelines-for- Rabies-Prophylaxis.pdf. Accessed on November 22nd, 2012. 4. Epidemiology of Animal Bites and Rabies cases in India - A Multicentric study. Ichhpujani RL, Chhabra Mala, Mittal Veena, Singh J, Bhardwaj M,Bhattacharya D, Pattanaik SK, Balakrishnan N, Reddy AK, Sampath G, Gandhi N, Nagar SS, Lal Shiv, J. Commun. Dis. 2008; 40(1): 27-36 5. Pradeep Umarigar et al. , Profile of animal bite cases attending urban Health centres in surat city: a cross- sectional study, pISSN 0976 3325│eISSN 2229 6816 6. Epidemiological determinants of animal bite cases attending the anti- rabies clinic at V S General Hospital, Ahmedabad ,Venu Shah1, D V Bala2, Jatin Thakker3, Arohi Dalal3, Urvin Shah3, Sandip Chauhan3, Kapil Govani.3 Ex. PG Student, Dep. of Community Medicine, 2 Professor& Head, Dep. of Community Medicine, 3 PG Students, Dept of Community Medicine, Smt NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad.
A Comparative Study of Physical Growth in Urban and Rural School Children from 5 to 13 Years of Age
Sunil M Kolekar, Sunita U Sawant
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the physical growth amongst healthy school children from the urban and rural areas of Sangli district, Maharashtra, India. A total of 2300 school children were taken for study, out of which 1390 were urban school children and 910 were rural school children. The anthropometric measurements like height and weight were taken. Height and weight of urban school children were statistically (p<0.05) higher than those of rural school children. This was due to differences in nutritional and socio-economic environment in urban and rural areas. This was also due to better understanding of nutritional requirements, availability of different foods, and prevention and treatment of recurrent diseases, state of hygiene and parental literacy in urban areas as compared to rural areas.
1. I.C.M.R. Growth and physical development of Indian infant and children, Technical report series No.18, 1972. 2. Banik Datta N.D. Semi-longitudinal growth evaluation of children from birth to 14 years in different socioeconomic groups. Indian pediatrics 1982; 19, 353-59. 3. Banik Datta ND, Sushila Nayar, Krishna, Bakshi and Taskar A.D. Growth pattern of Indian school children in relation to nutrition and adolescence. Indian Journal of pediatrics 1973; 40, 173. 4. Shrivastav D.K., Thavrani U.P. and Kumar Gupta. Health examination of primary school children at Gwalior-part III: Anthropometric assessment. Indian pediatrics 1978; 15, 8, 672. 5. Phadake M.V. Growth norms in Indian children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1968; 56, 851. 6. Sahoo K, Hunshal S And Itagi S. Physical growth of school girls from Dharwad and Khurda districts. Karnataka Journal Agricultural Science 2011; 24, 2, 221-226. 7. Jelliffe D.B. The assessment of nutritional status of community. WHO Monogram Series 53, Geneva, 1966. 8. Nandy S, Irving M, Gordon D, Subramanian SV and Smith GD. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: New evidence from India. Bull World Organ 2005; 83, 210-216. 9. Indirabai K., Raghavaprasad S.V., Ravi Kumar and Reddy C.O. Nutritional and anthropometric profile of primary school children in Rural Andhra Pradesh. Indian pediatrics 1979;16, 12, 1085. 10. Bhandari B, Jain A.M., Padma Karna, Asha Mathur and SharmaV.K. Nutritional anthropometry of rural school children of Udaipur district. Indian Journal of pediatrics 1972;39, 1-11. 11. Mukerjee B. and Kaul K. K. Anthropometric observations- urban school children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1970;58, 1257. 12. Udani P.M. Physical growth of children in different socioeconomic groups in Bombay. Indian Journal of child Health 1963;12, 593-611. 13. Vijaya Raghavan, Darshan Singh and Swaminathan M.C. Heights and weights of well nourished Indian school children. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1971; 59, 648-54. 14. Eiben O. G., Barabas A. and Nemeth A. Comparison of growth, maturation and physical fitness of Hungarian urban and rural boys and girls. Journal of Human Ecology 2005;17, 2, 93-100. 15. Mouzan M. E., Foster P., Herbish A. A., Salloum A. A., Omer A.A., Alqurashi M. and Kecojevic, T. Regional variations in the growth of Saudi children and adolescents. Annals of Saudi Medicine 2009;29, 5, 348-356.
A Cross Sectional Study of Domestic Violence in Married Women in Asudgaon Village of Raigad District
Drushti Parikh, Seema Anjenaya
Abstract: Domestic violence is a wide spread, deeply ingrained health and social problem among women, which is silently borne by the victims. Domestic violence constitutes willful intimidation, assault, battery, sexual assault or other abusive behavior perpetrated by one family member, household member, or intimate partner against another. According to NFHS-3 (2005-06), the prevalence of domestic violence in ever-married women who have ever experienced spousal violence is 37.2%.1 Domestic violence has major implications on a woman’s health and victims hardly take recourse to law. Being a confidential, intimate and sensitive issue, women tend to hide or provide incomplete information, thereby making it crucial to understand the extent of domestic violence and its determinants. With this background, a community based, cross-sectional study on domestic violence was conducted during June to August 2010, among 250 randomly selected married women in Asudgaon village of Raigad district. The study endeavors to assess the prevalence of domestic violence, its causes including the demographic and socio-cultural determinants thereby helping the healthcare personnel in formulating comprehensive and effective strategies towards tackling this problem. A house to house visit was done and the women were interviewed personally using a pre-designed, pre-tested and structured questionnaire, designed to determine whether they were subjected to domestic violence and if yes, to assess its causes, including the demographic and socio-cultural determinants. The data collected on the day to day basis was compiled, tabulated and analyzed. Statistical analysis was done using Mean and Percentages. Out of the 250 married women, 83 women gave a positive history of domestic violence, thereby reporting a prevalence of 33.2%. The various causes for domestic violence, as reported by the affected females were conflict over cooking and household work (38.55%), wife’s nagging or arguing (32.53%), children related issues (30.12%) and economic distress (26.5%). Slapping (46.98%) was the commonest form of physical violence, followed by pulling hair (14.46%), twisting arm (13.25%) and having things thrown at her (13.25%). Experiences of sexual violence included marital rape (12.05%), being forced to have sex without protection (against pregnancy and STDs) (10.84%), being forced to perform unnatural sex (6.02%) and being forced to imitate acts as shown in pornographic films (4.82%). The most common socio-cultural risk factor for domestic violence, as reported by the respondents, was addiction (42.11%), followed by poverty (38.55%), husband brought up with the idea that wife-beating is acceptable (36.14%) and visiting brothels (16.86%). Among the reasons given by battered women to stay in violent relationships, most common cause was that the women were unaware about legal provisions (61.45%), followed by the fear of being looked down upon by the society (59.03%), for the sake of their children (54.22%) and the fear of complaining due to the threats received from the batterer (43.37%). 80.72% abused females were reported to have tolerated the violence. Only 5.26% of the affected females sought legal help to deal with the violence, while 15.66% females tried to convince the perpetrator. A comprehensive health sector response to this problem is needed whereby health sector can play a vital role in preventing violence against women, helping to identify abuse early, providing victims with the necessary treatment and referring women to appropriate care.
1. http://www.nfhsindia.org/pdf/India.pdf 2. http://infochangeindia.org/200710166734/Women/News/NFHS-III-40-of-Indian-women-face-domestic-violence.html 3. Parnapriya Saha, Dutta P K. Domestic violence against women in India: An overview. Health and Population- Perspectives and Issues: 27(4)231-245, 2004. 4. http://legalserviceindia.com/articles/dmt.htm 5. Kaur R, Garg S. Addressing domestic violence against women: An unfinished agenda. Indian J Community Med. 2008; 33:73-6. 6. http://hetv.org/india/nfhs/nfhs3/NFHS-3-Chapter-15-Domestic-Violence.pdf 7. http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Gender_Women_and_Health_GBV-SEAR.pdf 8. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2002/9241545615_chap4_eng.pdf 9. http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Regional_Health_Forum_Volume_11_No_2_Domestic_violence_Maldives.pdf 10. Bontha V Babu and Shantanu K Kar. “Domestic violence against women in eastern India: a population-based study on prevalence and related issuesâ€. BMC Public Health 2009. 9:129 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-129. 11. Sarkar M. A study on domestic violence against adult and adolescent females in a rural area of West Bengal. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35:311-5. 12. S. Mitra “Domestic Violence along with its Sociocultural Determinants Among Pregnant Women Attending MCH Clinic of a Subdivisional Hospital in West Bengal†Indian Journal of Community Medicine Vol 31, No. 4, October-December, 2006.
Cryptorchidism - A Case Report
Sadiqali Abbasali Syed, N. G. Herekar
Abstract: Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both the testes have not passed down the scrotal sac. It may be unilateral or bilateral. It is categorized as true undescended testes in which testes are present in the normal path of descent, and ectopic testes in which testes are present at abnormal site. Common complications of Cryptorchidism are testicular cancer, sub fertility, testicular torsion, and inguinal hernia. In a male cadaver, the right testis was found in the inguinal region. It was dissected properly and the scrotal ligament was observed to be attached to the pubic region. The left testis was descended normally. On doing pathological examination of both testes only senile degenerative changes were observed. Patient had lived a life for 78 years without complication and was died of acute peritonitis.
1. Bailey and love’s, short practice of surgery, 24th edition, page no. 1404. 2. Kolon TF, Patel RP, Huff DS (2004). "Cryptorchidism: diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 31(3):469–80, viii– ix. doi:10. 1016/j.ucl. 2004.04.009. PMID 15313056. 3. Martin DC. Malignancy in the cryptorchid testis. Urol Clin North Am. 1982;9:371–6. 4. Moller H, Cortes D, Engholm G, Thorup J (1998). "Risk of testicular cancer with cryptorchidism and with testicular bio. PMC: 28664. psy: cohort study". BMJ 317 (7160): 729. PMID 9732342. 5. Pinczowski D, McLaughlin JK, Lackgren G, Adami HO, Persson I. Occurrence of testicular cancer in patients operated on for cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. J Urol. 1991;146:1291–4.
Sturge- Weber Syndrome: Case report with Ophthalmic Manifestations
U. S. Mohite, Mahesh Thikekar, K. R. Jadhav
Sturge Weber Syndrome sometimes referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is rare phakomatosis consisting neurological, skin, ocular manifestation. Ophthalmological features of this disease can vary greatly most relevant characteristic is represented by the glaucoma and is associated with vascular malformations of conjunctiva, episclera, choroid and retina. The goal of present paper is to report a case of 17 yrs old male patient with Sturge Weber Syndrome presenting its inherent clinical features and to underline the importance of its diagnosis in the clinical ophthalmological practice.
1. Weiss JS and Ritch R. Glaucoma in the phakomatosis In Ritch R , Shields B ,Kurpin T (Eds) . Glaucomas. St. Louis: The CV Mosby company 1989; 905-29. 2. Thomas –Sohl KA, Vaslov DF, Maria BL: SWS: review. Pediatr Neurol 2004`30:303-10. 3. Griffiths PD: SWS revisited: the role of neuroradiology. Neuropediatrics 1996, 27:284-294. 4. Girija AS, somnath V.A. case of hemiplegic migraine with leptomeningial angiomatosis. Neurol India 2002; 50:522-523. 5. Sujansky and Conradi , “outcome of SWS in 52 adults†American Journal of Medical genetics 57:35-45(1995) . 6. L.C. Dutta,Nitin K Dutta , MODERN OPHTHALMOLOGY, 3rd Edition, JAYPEE brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD. New Delhi; Vol. 2, page No. 667-668.
A Comparative Study of the Acute Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular System in Smokers to the Non-Smoking Individuals
Mohd. Rasheeduddin Imran, P. Sambasiva Rao
Background: Smoking is a serious global public health hazard and has already emerged as a major cause of death due to heart diseases. It is not recognized because of inadequate programmes to deal with it. Aims: The study has been conducted to evaluate and explain the acute cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoking in the habitual smokers and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking to avoid the complications. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in human lab of physiology department on 100 healthy male smokers and 50 healthy male non-smoker subjects in the age range of 21 to 40 years. Based on duration of exposure to cigarette smoking the smokers were again classified as short term smokers and long term smokers. The smokers were compared with non-smokers. Methods and Material: The smokers were given standard cigarette to smoke while the non-smokers did sham smoking using a cool drink straw. The variables were recorded at rest and immediately after smoking. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, heart rate was measured using ECG and Stroke volume and Cardiac Output were derived using Echocardiography. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output in both long term and short term smokers immediately after cigarette smoking compared to the non-smoking group after sham smoking. The study concludes that the acute effects can lead to acute cardiovascular events which are more important risk than long-term effects of tobacco smoking and especially in heavy smokers who are always in a state of constant abnormal hemodynamic state.
1. ANTHONISEN NR, SKEANS MA, WISE RA, MANFREDA J, KANNER RE, CONNETT JE: The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:233-239. 2. AUTHOR UNKNOWN: ‘Sold American!’-the first fifty years. Durham: American Tobacco Company; 1954) 3. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG YH, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N England J Med 1997; 336: 1276-82. 4. BUERGER L: Thromboangiitisobliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene. Am J Med Sci. 1908; 136:567-80. 5. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG Y, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 1998; 97: 2110-6. 6. BURGHUBER OC, PUNZENGRUBER C, SINZINGER H, HABER P, SILBERBAUER K. – Platelet sensitivity to Prostacyclin in smokers and non-smokers. Chest 1986; 90; 34-8. 7. DAVID W. IRVING* AND T. YAMAMOTO: Cigarette smoking and cardiac output: Postgraduate Medical School of London W.12. 8. DAVID C. MOSES, DONALD POWERS and LOUIS A. SOLOFF: Glucose Blockage of the Increase in Stroke Volume Produced by Smoking: Circulation 1964; 29; 820-824. AmHrtAss. 9. DOLL R: Fifty years of research on tobacco. J Epidemiol Biostatistics 2000, 5:321-329. 10. DOLL R, PETO R: Mortality in relation to smoking; 20 years’ observation of British male doctors. BMJ 1976; 4: 1525–36. 11. DUNHILL AH: The gentle art of smoking. Hatfield, Great Britain: The Steller Press, 1976, 142 pp. 12. GANONG: 22nd Ed, , Chapter 33, p: 635. 13. GLANTZ SA, PARMLEY WW: Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 1991; 83:1–12. 14. GRACE M. ROTH and RICHARD M. SHICK: Effect of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System of Man, Circulation 1958, 17:443-459. 15. GROPPELLI A, GIORGI DM, OMBONI S, PARATI G, MANCIA G: Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 May; 10(5):495-9. 16. JEFFREY E. HARRIS: Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease: Cigarette Smoke Is More Than a Triad of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No.7 17. MIRAIAN. J. F. KOOL, ARNOLD P.G. HOOKS, HARRY A.J STRUIJKER BOUDIER, ROBERT S. RENEMAN, LUC. M.A.B VAN BORTEL: Short and long – term effects of Smoking on Arterial wall properties in Habitual smokers: Journal of the Am Col of Cardiology, 1993, Vol. 22, No. 7. 18. PETO R, DARBY S, DEO H, SILCOCKS P, WHITLEY E, DOLL R: Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. Bmj 2000, 321:323-329. 19. POWELL JT: Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vascular Med 1998;3:21–8. 20. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann NY AcadSci 1993; 686:12–28. 21. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y AcadSci 1993; 686: 12-27; discussion 27-18. 22. RUBENSTEIN D, JESTY J, BLUESTEIN D: Differences between main-stream and Sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions. Circulation 2004; 109: 78-83. 23. SAMBOLA A, OSENDE J, HATHCOCK J, ET AL: Role of risk factors in the modulation of tissue factor activity and blood thrombogenicity. Circulation 2003; 107: 973-7. 24. WILL SIMPSON & JIM MCNEILL: Tobacco growing in France ~ early history 1556 1856, NicotianaBrittanica - The Cotswolds’ Illicit Tobacco Cultivation In The 17th Century. 25. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.The MPOWER package. Geneva 2008. 26. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION:The facts about smoking and health. 2006.
A Comparative Study of the Acute Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Cardiovascular System in Smokers to the Non-Smoking Individuals
Mohd. Rasheeduddin Imran, P. Sambasiva Rao2
Background: Smoking is a serious global public health hazard and has already emerged as a major cause of death due to heart diseases. It is not recognized because of inadequate programmes to deal with it. Aims: The study has been conducted to evaluate and explain the acute cardiovascular effects of tobacco smoking in the habitual smokers and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking to avoid the complications. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in human lab of physiology department on 100 healthy male smokers and 50 healthy male non-smoker subjects in the age range of 21 to 40 years. Based on duration of exposure to cigarette smoking the smokers were again classified as short term smokers and long term smokers. The smokers were compared with non-smokers. Methods and Material: The smokers were given standard cigarette to smoke while the non-smokers did sham smoking using a cool drink straw. The variables were recorded at rest and immediately after smoking. Blood Pressure was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer, heart rate was measured using ECG and Stroke volume and Cardiac Output were derived using Echocardiography. All the values were recorded and comparison tables were derived after statistical analysis using SPSS statistical software and the results were analyzed. Results and Conclusions: The results indicate that there is a significant hemodynamic change including an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, stroke volume and cardiac output in both long term and short term smokers immediately after cigarette smoking compared to the non-smoking group after sham smoking. The study concludes that the acute effects can lead to acute cardiovascular events which are more important risk than long-term effects of tobacco smoking and especially in heavy smokers who are always in a state of constant abnormal hemodynamic state.
1. ANTHONISEN NR, SKEANS MA, WISE RA, MANFREDA J, KANNER RE, CONNETT JE: The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005, 142:233-239. 2. AUTHOR UNKNOWN: ‘Sold American!’-the first fifty years. Durham: American Tobacco Company; 1954) 3. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG YH, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Coronary risk factors and plaque morphology in men with coronary disease who died suddenly. N England J Med 1997; 336: 1276-82. 4. BUERGER L: Thromboangiitisobliterans: a study of the vascular lesions leading to presenile spontaneous gangrene. Am J Med Sci. 1908; 136:567-80. 5. BURKE AP, FARB A, MALCOM GT, LIANG Y, SMIALEK J, VIRMANI R: Effect of risk factors on the mechanism of acute thrombosis and sudden coronary death in women. Circulation 1998; 97: 2110-6. 6. BURGHUBER OC, PUNZENGRUBER C, SINZINGER H, HABER P, SILBERBAUER K. – Platelet sensitivity to Prostacyclin in smokers and non-smokers. Chest 1986; 90; 34-8. 7. DAVID W. IRVING* AND T. YAMAMOTO: Cigarette smoking and cardiac output: Postgraduate Medical School of London W.12. 8. DAVID C. MOSES, DONALD POWERS and LOUIS A. SOLOFF: Glucose Blockage of the Increase in Stroke Volume Produced by Smoking: Circulation 1964; 29; 820-824. AmHrtAss. 9. DOLL R: Fifty years of research on tobacco. J Epidemiol Biostatistics 2000, 5:321-329. 10. DOLL R, PETO R: Mortality in relation to smoking; 20 years’ observation of British male doctors. BMJ 1976; 4: 1525–36. 11. DUNHILL AH: The gentle art of smoking. Hatfield, Great Britain: The Steller Press, 1976, 142 pp. 12. GANONG: 22nd Ed, , Chapter 33, p: 635. 13. GLANTZ SA, PARMLEY WW: Passive smoking and heart disease: Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry. Circulation 1991; 83:1–12. 14. GRACE M. ROTH and RICHARD M. SHICK: Effect of Smoking on the Cardiovascular System of Man, Circulation 1958, 17:443-459. 15. GROPPELLI A, GIORGI DM, OMBONI S, PARATI G, MANCIA G: Persistent blood pressure increase induced by heavy smoking: Journal of Hypertension. 1992 May; 10(5):495-9. 16. JEFFREY E. HARRIS: Cigarette Smoke Components and Disease: Cigarette Smoke Is More Than a Triad of Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No.7 17. MIRAIAN. J. F. KOOL, ARNOLD P.G. HOOKS, HARRY A.J STRUIJKER BOUDIER, ROBERT S. RENEMAN, LUC. M.A.B VAN BORTEL: Short and long – term effects of Smoking on Arterial wall properties in Habitual smokers: Journal of the Am Col of Cardiology, 1993, Vol. 22, No. 7. 18. PETO R, DARBY S, DEO H, SILCOCKS P, WHITLEY E, DOLL R: Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. Bmj 2000, 321:323-329. 19. POWELL JT: Vascular damage from smoking: disease mechanisms at the arterial wall. Vascular Med 1998;3:21–8. 20. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke: radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann NY AcadSci 1993; 686:12–28. 21. PRYOR WA, STONE K: Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrate, and peroxynitrite. Ann N Y AcadSci 1993; 686: 12-27; discussion 27-18. 22. RUBENSTEIN D, JESTY J, BLUESTEIN D: Differences between main-stream and Sidestream cigarette smoke extracts and nicotine in the activation of platelets under static and flow conditions. Circulation 2004; 109: 78-83. 23. SAMBOLA A, OSENDE J, HATHCOCK J, ET AL: Role of risk factors in the modulation of tissue factor activity and blood thrombogenicity. Circulation 2003; 107: 973-7. 24. WILL SIMPSON & JIM MCNEILL: Tobacco growing in France ~ early history 1556 1856, NicotianaBrittanica - The Cotswolds’ Illicit Tobacco Cultivation In The 17th Century. 25. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic.The MPOWER package. Geneva 2008. 26. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION:The facts about smoking and health. 2006.
Study of Serum Uric Acid and its Correlation with Intelligence Quotient and Other Parameters in Normal Healthy Adults
Usha Patil, Sandhya Divekar, Surekha Vaidya, V. M. Ruikar, M. S. Patwardhan
Abstract: The study of serum uric acid and its relationship with the intelligence of a person is quiet interesting. We have tried to find out correlation of serum uric acid and general intelligence in healthy medical students between age group of 17 to 20 years. We have also studied correlation of serum uric acid with type of food and difference in values in males and females. For present study 100 medical students in the age group of 17 to 20 yrs were selected. All the subjects were thoroughly examined. Standard IQ was determined by IQ test prescribed by M. C. Joshi.¹ the questionnaire comprised of 100 multiple choice questions with time limit of 20 minutes. I.Q. was determined by Weschsler’s² formula and as per marks they were grouped from genius to superior, above normal, normal, feeble minded, borderline and mentally deficient. The serum uric acid estimation was done by enzymatic method. Statistical analysis was done. It was observed that in male’s serum uric acid level was more than in females. No difference was found between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. There was highly significant positive correlation between serum uric acid and IQ. Higher serum uric acid level was found in those categorized under genius and superior, as compared to those having normal or borderline IQ. Whether IQ of a person and serum uric acid participate common gene loci has to be determined by further study.
1. M. C. Joshi Humanities group tests of general mental ability. Publisher Joshi Mc Sagar University. M. P. 2. Weschsler’s formula, Cited by M. C. Joshi 3. Orowan E. The origin of man. Nature 173: 683, 1955. 4. Florkin and Duchateau Comparative animal physiology press of W.B. Saunder’s company USA 3rd edition: 298 (1973). 5. Seegmiller J. E. Rosenbloom FM, Kelley WN Enzymatic defect with sex linked human neurological disorder and excessive purine synthesis science – 155, 1682 – 1683. 1967. 6. Mikkelson W. M., Dodge H. J., Valtenburg H. 7. The distribution of serum uric acid values in a population unselected as to gout or hyperuricemia, Amer J. Med. 39:242 – 251, 1965. 8. Stetton D, Hearson JZ. Intellectual level measured by army classification battery and serum uric acid concentration. Science – 129, 1737 – 1959. 9. Kasal S. V. Serum uric acid and cholesterol in achievement, behaviour and motivations: JAMA 213/8 – 1291 – 99, 1970. 10. Vajpeyi G. N., Kedarnath, Gupta A. K. Mehrotra HR. Khanna K. N., Serum uric acid studies in various social economic groups, J. Assn. Phy. Ind 16: 777 – 782; 1968. 11. Inomye E, Parke K. S. Asaka . A Blood Uric Acid and IQ., A study in twin families Excerpta Medica Vol. 52 Page 337 No. 2067. 1985.
Analyzing the Dreams Coming True for Young Undergraduates of DMCH, Laherisarai ,Darbhanga using DREEM Score
Rishabh Kumar Rana, Sunil Kumar, Abhay Kumar, Veena Roy, C. Roy
Introduction Poor maintenance, unclean surroundings, and lots of other issues are a sine qua non with majority of Government Medical Colleges across the state. Majority of times it is seen that hasty decisions are made in the 1st Professional Year i.e. in the 1st Semester itself. As the students start to live, learn and imbibe in the local culture and atmosphere their concerns are minimized and number of students leaving the course midway in 3rd semester lessens. This study aims to measure the reasons for this in, statistical terms using DREEM1 ( Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure) Score. Objective: Analyze the level of satisfaction of undergraduate students after getting in the Medical College by assessing their Perception of the Educational Environment in the medical college through the DREEM Score. Methodology – A cross sectional study conducted in Darbhanga Medical College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga Bihar. Data was collected using 50 item Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure. . Total number of students was 170, 80 from 1st Semester and 90 from 3rd Semester. Study period was from September 2012- November 2012. The data obtained was analyzed using Medcalc . Results: According to DREEM Score, items having a mean score of ≥3.5 are positive points, ≤2 indicate problem areas, and between 2 and 3 are aspects of the study environment that could be improved. The 1st semester students scored less than 2 for 10 items (4, 9, 14, 25, 27,39, 42, 43, 48, and 49) and above 3 for 3 items (2, 10, and 19). 3rd semester students scored less than 2 for 10 items (3, 4, 9, 14, 17, 25, 27, 42, 48, and 49) and above 3 for 2 item (2 and 19). Scoring patterns in both the groups were similar except for 2 items (10 and 39). Conclusion - Considerations of climate in the medical school, along the lines of continuous quality improvement and innovation, are likely to further the medical school as a learning organization with the attendant benefits.
1. Roff S. The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM)-a generic instrument for measuring students’ perceptions of undergraduate health professions curricula. Med Teach. 2005;27:322-5. 2. Entwistle NJ, Ramsden P. Understanding student learning. London: Croom Helm; 1983. 3. Till H. Identifying the perceived weakness of a new curriculum by means of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) Inventory. Med Teach. 2004;26:39-45. 4. Genn JM. AMEE Medical Education Guide No 23 (Part 1): curriculum environment, climate, quality and change in medical education—a unifying perspective. Med Teach. 2001;23:337–44. 5. Salvatori P. Meaningful occupation for occupational therapy students: a student-centered curriculum. Occupational Therapy International. 1999;6:207-23. 6. Button D, Davies S. Experiences of encouraging student-centered learning within a wellness-orientated curriculum. Nurs Educ Today. 1991;16:407-12. 7. Health Professions Council of Australia Ltd. The allied health professional workforce in Australia: challenges and opportunities. [cited 2011 June]; Available from: http://www.ahpa.com.au/pdfs/submission_08.05.pdf. 8. McMeekan J. Physiotherapy education – what are the costs? Aust J Physiother. 2008;54:85-6. 9. Wray N, McCall L. ‘They don’t know much about us’: educational reform impacts on students’ learning in the clinical environment. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2009;14:665-76. 10. Roff S, McAleer S, Harden RM, Al-Qahtani M, Ahmed AU, Deza H, et al. Development and validation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Med Teach. 1997;19:295–9. 11. Denz-Penhey H, Murdoch C. A comparison between findings from the DREEM questionnaire and that from qualitative reviews. Med Teach. 2009;31:449-53. 12. Zamzuri AT, Ali AN, Roff S, McAleer S. Students’ perceptions of the educational environment at dental training college, Malaysia. Malaysian Dent J. 2004;25:15–26.
Derivation of Demarcating Points for Sex Determination from Skull
Mohammad Laeeque, Vivek Kishanrao Nirmale, Chaya Vijay Diwan
Abstract: Craniometry is a branch of anthropometry through which cranial dimensions can be estimated. The study of sexual dimorphism is important clinically as well as in forensic anthropology. Head circumference and maximum biparital diameter were measured in a total of 98 skulls (60 males and 38 females) from the bone bank of the Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College Aurangabad. All the measurements were expressed in descriptive statistics i.e. mean; SD, range and mean ± 3S.D. are calculated. The p value of both parameters i.e. Head Circumference and Maximum Biparital diameter are found to be highly significant. (P value <0.001). Demarkating points were derived for the male and female skulls and these demarcating points were cross validated from the available samples. Accuracy of the demarcating points was established. A comparison of the data with the earlier works demonstrated the identical outcomes and highly significant results. The values are a reference tool for the evaluation in Indian race especially of Maharastra. This study is recommended to forensic anthropologists, craniofacial surgeons and medical practitioners and also serves as the basis for future studies on other ethnic group.
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A Study of Branching Pattern of Femoral Artery in Femoral Triangle in Cadavers
Kulkarni Saurabh P, Nikade Vrushali V
Abstract: Femoral artery is an area of interest for interventionalists. This study of 60 femoral arteries reveals posterior origin of profunda femoris from femoral artery more frequently. Medial circumflex femoral artery found to be arising more proximally than lateral. This artery more commonly originates from femoral artery than its lateral counterpart. It is also found absent in 2 cases.
1. MB Samarawickrama ,BG Nanayakkara , Branching pattern of the femoral artery at the femoral triangle: a cadaver study ,Galle Medical Journal, September 2009; Vol 14: No. 1. 2. DP Dixit, LAMehta, MLKothari. Variations in the Origin and Course of Profunda Femoris. J. Anat. Soc. India 50(1) 6-7 ,2001; 50(1): 6-7. 3. LH Bannister, MM Berry, P Collins, Gray's Anatomy. In: Cardiovascular system. 38 Edition; Churchill Livingstone, Medical Division of Longman Group, UK Ltd. 1995. pp 1566–8. 4. P Siddharth, NL Smith, RA Mason, F Giron. Variational anatomy of the deep femoral artery. PMID: 3842043 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE].
The Study of Variation of Structures in Hepatoduodenal Ligament and Its Co-Relation with Surgical Anatomy of Liver Transplantation
Kalyankar A. G., Shingare P. H., Diwan C. V., Kawale D. N.
Abstract: Variations in biliary tree and its associated vascular elements are very frequent, hence it is important to identify major structures in this area before surgery is attempted, because injury to these structures may result in troublesome hemorrhage and subsequent injury to common bile duct or hepatic ducts or even the inadevarant ligation to the right or common hepatic arteries results into hepatic infarction, necrosis or so called liver death. Similarly variations in duct system can be basis of serious and fatal complications. Hence the study of variations in hepatic pedicle is of interest to both surgeons and anatomist.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the presentation of types and frequency of variations of structures in hepatic pedicle. Aim was to study hepatoduodenal ligament for its morphology, contents and variation of its contents and to co-relate its importance in liver transplantation.A total of 100 cadavers were dissected as per the routine method with routine instruments. The hepatoduodenal ligament was dissected and its contents were followed towards the portahepatis. The branching pattern of hepatic artery and portal vein as well as morphology of extra hepatic biliary system was noted. After collecting the data, statistical analysis was done.Results showed the normal branching pattern of proper hepatic artery in 86% cadavers and remaining 14% cadavers had variations were of 3 types. The branching pattern of portal vein was normal in 56% cadavers while a variation in branching pattern of portal vein was seen in 44% cadavers.The draining pattern of extra hepatic biliary drainage system was normal in 90% cadavers and its variants were seen in 10% of cadavers. The number of cadavers having all 3 structures in normal pattern was 43% of cadavers only.The study shows significant frequency of variations in the anatomy of contents of hepatoduodenal ligament. Hence a detailed study of these structures is warranted before and during hepatic transplant procedures to avoid post operative complications such as biliary ischemia, stricture or hemorrhage.
1. Adkins RB, Chapman WC, Reddy VS (2000) Embryology, Anatomy and Surgical Applications of the extrahepatic biliary system. Surgical Anatomy and Embryology 80(1): 363-78. 2. Andrews WS, Waneck E, Fyock B, Gray S, Benser M (1989) Pediatric liver Transplantation: A 3-year experience. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24(1): 77-82. 3. Browne EZ (1940) Variation in origin and course of hepatic artery and its branches. Surgery 8:424-45. 4. Daseler EH, Anson BJ, Hambley WC, Reimann AF (1947) The Cystic artery and constituents of The Hepatic Pedicle. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 47-63. 5. Eisendrath EN (1920) Operative injury of the common and hepatic bile ducts. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 31:1. 6. Flint ER (1923) Abnormalities of the right hepatic, cystic and gastroduodenal arteries and the bile ducts. British Journal of Surgery 10:509-19. 7. Hicken NF, Coray QB, and Franz B (1949) Anatomical variation of the extrahepatic biliary system as seen by cholangiographic studies. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 88:577. 8. Huang TL, Cheng YF, and Chen CL, Lee TY (1996) Variants of bile ducts: clinical application in the potential donor of living related hepatic transplantation. Transplantation proceedings 28(3): 1669-70. 9. ICMR: Ethical guidelines for Biomedical Research on human subjects. Instatement of specific principles for Research in transplantation including fetal tissue transplantation. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi (2000) 67-85. 10. Johnston EV, Anson BJ (1952) Variations in the formation and vascular relationship in bile ducts. Surgery Gynecology Obstetrics 94:669. 11. Millis JM, Alonso EM, Piper JB (1995) Liver transplantation at the university of Chicago. Clinical Transplant 187-97. 12. Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G, Bechstein WO, et al (1994) Technique and results of biliary reconstruction using side to side choledochocholedochostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants. Annals of Surgery 219(4): 426-34. 13. Northover JMA, Terblanche JA (1979) A new look at the arterial supply of the bile duct in man and its surgical implications. British Journal of Surgery 66:379-84. 14. Nyhus LM, Baker RJ, Fischer JE (1992) Mastery of surgery in liver transplantation,3rd Edn,vol 1.Little Brown and Company, Boston 1168-83. 15. Otte JB, Goyet J, Alberti,D, Balladur P, Hemptinne B (1990) The concept and technique of the split liver in clinical transplantation Surgery 107(6):605-12. 16. Romanes GJ (2002) Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy. In abdominal cavity.15thEdn, VolTwo.Oxford Medical Publications, New York 113-72. 17. Sabiston DC, Lyerly HK (1997) Text book of surgery. In transplantation. Edn15th; Vol1 .W. B. Sounders Company, Philadelphia 382-472. 18. SirajSaadaldin, Jean Yvesmabrut et al (2006) Anatomic variation of the hepatic artery: study of 932 cases in liver transplantation. Surg. RadiolAnat 28:486-473. 19. Starlz TE, Porter KA, Putnam CW,et al.(1976) Orthotopic liver transplantation in ninety-three patients. Surgery Gynecology and Obstetrics 142:487-505. 20. Thompson IM (1933) On the arteries ducts in the hepatic pedicle: A study in statistical human Anatomy. University California Publications, Anatomy 1:55-160. 21. Ullman E (1902) ExperimentelleNieren transplantation. Wien KlinWochernschr.15, 281.Quoted by Sabiston, D C, et al. Ref No. 49. 22. Williams PL (1995) Gray’s Anatomy, 38thEdn, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburg, 1592-93. 23. Yamaguchi T, Yamaoka Y, Mori K, et al.(1993) Hepatic vein reconstruction of the graft in partial liver transplantation from living donor : Surgical procedures relating to their anatomic variations. Surgery 114:976-83.
Congenital Unilateral Renal Agenesis in Association with Genital Anomalies: A Case Report
Sudhanshu kumar Das, Sidharth S. Maharana
Congenital unilateral renal agenesis occurs in a incidence of 1 in 450 to 1000 birth, and diagnosed incidentally during imaging examination. Genital anomalies occur in 37–60% of females and 12% of males and 25% of them have associated cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, skeletal abnormalitise. Here we present one case of congenital unilateral renal agenesis in association with genital anomalies.
1. Nelson text book of pediatrics 2008; 18/E ,Vol-2:2221. 2. Thompson DP, Lynn HB: Genital anomalies associated with solitary kidney. Mayo Clin Proc, 1966; 41: 538-48 . 3. Emanuel B, Nachman R, Aronson N, Weis H: Congenital solitary kidney. A review of 74 cases. Am J Dis Child, 1974; 127: 17-9. 4. Biedel CW, Pagon RA, Zapata JO: Mullerian anomalies and renal agenesis: Autosomal dominant urogenital adysplasia. J Pediatr, 1984; 104: 861-4. 5. McGillivray BC, Bassett AS, Langlois S et al: Familial 5q11. 2-q13. 3 segmental duplication cosegragating with multiple anomalies, including schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet, 1990; 35: 10-3. 6. Temple JK, Shapira E: Genetic determinants of renal disease in neonates. Clin Perinatol, 1981; 8: 361-73. 7. Winter JSD, Kohn G, Mellman WJ, Wagner S: A familial syndrome of renal, genital and middle ear anomalies. J Pediatr, 1968; 72: 88-93. 8. Griffin JE, Edwards C, Madden JD et al: Congenital absence of the vagina: The Mayer- Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome. Ann Intern Med, 1976; 85: 224-36. 9. Wegenke JD, Vehling DT, Wear JB et al: Familial Kallmann syndrome with unilateral renal aplasia. Clin Genet, 1975; 7: 368-81. 10. Wiersma AF, Peterson LF, Justema EJ: Uterine anomalies associated with unilateral renal agenesis. Obstet Gynec, 1976; 47: 654-7.
Epidemiological Study of Oral Submucous Fibrosis in Yavatmal District
Kalbande A. B., Khakse G. M., Priya D., Tamgadge P. B.
Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is now accepted globally as an Indian disease, having highest malignant potential than any other oral premalignant lesions. The understanding of the exact role of alkaloids and other etiological agents with respect to pathogenesis will help the management and treatment modalities. Material & Methods: 370 patients of Oral Submucous Fibrosis attending the Dental out-patient clinic of S.V.N. Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, over a period of one year, were selected for study. A detailed case history and clinical examination was done in visible light. The diagnosis of OSMF was difficulty in opening the mouth and associated blanched oral mucosa with palpable fibrous bands. Results: Of the 370 cases of OSMF studied, 223 (60.3%) cases were males and 147 (39.7%) cases were females. 547 (39.9%) patients chewed gutkha, 30% chewed betel nut and the remaining 27% chewed betel quid.
1. Angadi PV, Rekha K. Oral submucous fibrosis: a clinicopathologic review of 205 cases in Indians. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery2011;15(1):15-9. 2. Pindborg J, Sirsat S. Oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, And Oral Pathology 1966;22(6):764. 3. Rajendran R. Oral submucous fibrosis: etiology, pathogenesis, and future research. Bulletin of the World Health Organization1994;72(6):985-96. 4. Phatak A. Fibrin producing factor in Oral Sub-Mucous Fibrosis. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 1979; 31(4):103-4. 5. Ranganathan K, Devi MU, Joshua E, Kirankumar K, Saraswathi T. Oral submucous fibrosis: a case control study in Chennai, South India. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 2004;33(5):274-7. 6. Sirsat S, Khanolkar V. The effect of arecoline on the palatal and buccal mucosa of the Wistar rat. An optical and electron microscope study. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences1962;16:198-202. 7. Wahi PN, Kapoor VL, Luthra UK, Srivastava MC. Submucous Fibrosis of the oral cavity: 2. Studies on Epidemiology. Bull WHO 1966;35:793-9. 8. Shah N, Sharma PP. Role of chewing and smoking habits in the aetiology of oral submucous fibrosis: A case control study. J Oral Pathol Med 1998;27:475-9. 9. Sinor PN, Gupta PC, Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Daftary DK, et al. (1990) A case-control study of oral submucous fibrosis with special reference to the etiologic role of areca nut. J Oral Pathol Med 19: 94-98. 10. Shiau YY, Kwan HW. Submucous Fibrosis in Taiwan. Oral Surg 1979;47:453-7. 11. McGurg M, Craig GT. OSMF: Two Cases of Malignant Transformation in Asian Immigrants to the United Kingdom. Br J Oral Maxilofac Surg 1984;22:56-64. 12. Pillai R, Balram P, Reddiar KS. Pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Relationship to risk factors associated with oral cancer.Cancer 1992;69:2011-20. 13. Van Wyk CW. Oral Submucous Fibrosis. The South African experience. Indian J Dent Restorat 1997;8:39-45.
Congenital Miliaria Crystallina Associated With Right-Sided Diaphragmatic Eventration: A Rare Case Report
Sudhanshu kumar Das, M. Amarendra, P.V. Subbarao
Miliaria crystallina (MC) is a transient, self-limiting, superficial obstruction of the eccrine sweat ducts resulting in rapidly surfacing, tiny, clear, noninflammatory vesicle,which is frequently seen in hot, humid, tropical climates. Congenital occurrence is rare but appearance in the neonatal period is most likely due to lack of maturation of the sweat duct. Here we report a case of congenital MC in a baby with right sided diaphragmatic eventration.
1. Champion RH. Disorders of sweat glands. In: Champion RH, Burton JL, Burns DA, Breathnach SM, eds.Textbook of Dermatology. 6th ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1998:1997-9. 2. Wenzel FG, Horn TD. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jan 1998;38(1):1-17; quiz 18-20. 3. Hidano A, Purwoko R, Jitsukawa K. Statistical survey of skin changes in Japanese neonates. Pediatr Dermatol. Feb 1986;3(2):140-4. 4. Arpey CJ, Nagashima-Whalen LS, Chren MM, Zaim MT. Congenital miliaria crystallina: case report and literature review. Pediatr Dermatol. Sep 1992;9(3):283-7. 5. Haas N, Henz BM, Weigel H. Congenital miliaria crystallina. J Am Acad Dermatol. Nov 2002;47(5 Suppl):S270-2. 6. Laxdale OE, McDougall H, Mellin GW. Congenital eventration of the diaphragm. N Engl Med.1954;250:401. 7. Reed, JA, Borden, DL. Eventration of the diaphragm. Arch Surg 1935; 31:30. 8. Seaton A. Abnormalities and Diseases of the Diaphragm. In: Seaton A, Seaton D, Leitch AG, editors.Crofton and Douglas's Respiratory Diseases. 5th ed. Blackwell Science, Oxford; 2000. pp. 1234–49. 9. Smith CD, Sade RM, Crawford FA, Othersen HB. Diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration in infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986; 91:490. 10. Deslauries J. Eventration of the diaphragm. Chest Surg Clin North Am. 1998;8:315–30. 11. Larson RK, Evans BH. Eventration of the diaphragm. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1963;87:753.
Hemosuccus Pancreaticus Upper GI Bleed: In a Child, a Rare Case Report
Sujata Devi, Rabindra Kumar Sahoo
Hemosuccus pancreaticus is a rare but potentially life threatening upper GI bleed via ductus pancreaticus major and ductus pancreaticus minor . The intensity of bleeding varies from intermittent occult bleeding to massive acute bleeding causing even death . We report a rare case of a 10-year old girl who presented with hematemesis and melena. The source of bleeding was pseudo aneurysm of splenic artery, bleeding into GIT via pancreatic duct. Though there are more than 100 cases reported in adults [1], reports in children are limited[2] [3]. There is a report from India with calcific pancreatitits induced gastroduodenal artery aneurysm[4] but none with splenic artery aneurysm.
1. Lermite E et al. Pancreas 2007; 3: 229-32. 2. Jae Young Kim, Seong Ho Choi, Jong Sool Ihm, Su Jin Kim, Inn Ju Kim, and Cheol Min Kim. A case of R122H mutation of cationic trypsinogen gene in a pediatric patient with hereditary pancreatitis complicated by pseudocyst and hemosuccus pancreatitis. Korean J. Gastroenterology. 2005 Feb,45(2):130-6. 3. L Sbihi et R Dafiri. Unusual case of Hematemesis in a child: rupture of splenic artery aneurysm. J.radiology 2009 Mar; 90; 315-7. 4. Agarwal P et al. Pediatric Radiology 1994; 24: 539-540. 5. Koren M, Kinova S, Bedeova J, Javorka V, Kovacova E, Kekenak L. Hemosuccus pancreaticus. Bratisal Lek Litsy 2008; 109(1), 37-41.
Acute Diarrhoea in a Child: Fish Tape Worm Infestation- We All May Miss!
Rabindra Kumar Sahoo, Sujata Devi
Diphyllobothrium latum is a platyhelminth otherwise called as fish tape worm. It is endemic in areas where humans frequently consume raw or pickled fish. Diphyllobothrium latum infection is typically an asymptomatic condition. Patients do not usually observe passage of segments in the stool as noted in other tapeworm infections. A few reports have documented patients who presented after vomiting a ball of worms that were determined to be fish tapeworms. We report a rare case of Fish Tape Worm Infestation that occurred in India.
1. Rausch RL, Scott EM, Rausch VR: Helminths in Eskimos in western Alaska, with particular reference to Diphyllobothrium infection and anaemia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1967, 61:351-357. 2. Baily G: Other cestode infection: intestinal cestodes, cysticercosis, other larval cestode infections. In Manson’s Tropical Diseases. Volume Chapter 85..21 edition. Edited by: Cook GC, Zumla AI. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2003:1593-1596. 3. Devi CS, Srinivasan S, Murmu UC, Barman P, Kanungo R: A rare case of diphyllobothriasis from Pondicherry, South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2007, 25:152-154. 4. Pancharatnam S, Jacob E, Kang G: Human diphyllobothriasis: first report from India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998, 92:179-180. 5. Kumar CS, Anand Kumar H, Sunita V, Kapur I: Prevalence of anemia and worm infestation in school going girls at Gulbarga, Karnataka. Indian Pediatr 2003, 40:70-72. 6. Lee EB, Song JH, Park NS, Kang BK, Lee HS, Han YJ, Kim HJ, Shin EH,Chai JY: A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2007, 45:219-223.
Need of Evaluation of the Present Status of Environmental Conditions of Completed River Valley Projects – Jayakwadi Project a Case Study
Ujwal G. Patil, S. N. Patil
Abstract: Every dam causes partly temporary and partly permanent submergence of land in the upstream and displacement of resident persons and their property, along-with submergence of plant life and disruption to animal life. It is necessary to evaluate and monitor the post project impacts and whether the envisaged benefits are achieved. Hence it is essential to evaluate the impacts, adverse or beneficial in order to minimise the adverse impacts and maximise the beneficial impacts for equitable distribution of water resource. The effect of a project of this magnitude has never been studied. An in depth analysis will identify the long-term positive and negative impacts on environment, socio-economic development and on physical factors such as soil, water and air. This evaluation will also result in providing a measurement criteria and yardsticks for carrying out EIA for future water resources projects.
1. Technical data obtained from project Authority like Detailed Project Report and the Maps of the project 2. Web Sites data provided by Ministry of Environment and Forests New Delhi Government of India. 3. Pre-project baseline data, secondary data will be used for detailed studies 4. Dictionary of Environmental Science by Bruce Wyman & L. Harold Stevenson 5. Environmental Encyclopedia by Cunningham, Cooper, Graham, Hepworth 6. Risk Assessment: An Environmental Perspective by Peter K. LaGoy 7. R. S. Goel (1996); Environmental Impact Assessments for the Water Resources Projects by 8. Alan Gilpin (1996); Environmental Impact Assessment; Cutting Edge for the Twenty First Century. Cambridge University Press. 9. Guidelines for the Environmental Clearance provided by the Ministry of Environment & Forest under Environment (Protection) Act 1994 & amended in 2006 10. Guidelines for the Forest Clearance provided by the Ministry of Environment & Forest under Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 11. Central Water Commission New Delhi guidelines and website
Comparison of Environmental Impact of Barrages and Large Dam by Checklist Method
Ujwal G. Patil, S. N. Patil
Abstract: This article focuses on the environmental & social impacts of the River Valley Projects, while pinpointing the vital need of large storage water resources projects in India. The water is becoming scarcer in India due to increase in population; on the other hand due to creation of large dams it is resulting environmental impacts. The paper aims at clarifying implementation of the minor & medium projects on the river with minimizing the environmental impacts & leading towards a sustainable growth.
1. Goel R.S. (1996); Environmental Impact Assessment for the Water Resources Projects. Proc. Symp. Earth Sciences in Environmental Assessment & Management. Lucknow 2. Anon. (1986); Guidelines for Diversion of Forest Lands for Non-Forest Purposes under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 3. Anon Sulwade Medium Project Report, Lower Tapi Project Report 4. Anon.(1994); Handbook of Environmental Procedures and Guidelines GoI, MoEF, New Delhi 5. Anon.(2004); Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Waghur Dam Irrigarion Project 6. Goel R.S. & Suresh Chandra (2002); Environmental & Social Aspects of hydropower & River Valley Projects 7. Archana Godbole & DD Naik (2003); Procedures & practices necessary for EIA and Checklist for conducting EIA 8. Vikas Salunkhe & Sachin Joshi (2002); Early prediction, management & mitigation of Environmental impacts : A case study Malshej ghat pumped storage scheme (MGPSS) in Maharashtra 9. Alan Gilpin (1995) Environmental Impact Assessment - Cutting Edge for the twenty-first century, Cambridge University Press.
Comparison of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) and Histopathology in the Diagnosis of Neck Masses
G. G. Swamy, B. Chandrasekhar, J. Parameswari, S. Madhuravani
Objective: Neck masses are a common clinical finding, affecting all age groups. These lumps may be extremely worrying for both physician and patient, as a wide variety of pathological conditions. Accurate cytological analysis has played a major role in evaluation and planning for surgery. We attempted to evaluate the role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in diagnosing lump lesions of the neck region and to review the diversity of lesions in the patients attending the hospital. Material and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively in the Department of pathology at Great Eastern Medical School- Teaching Hospital, Srikakulam, India a tertiary health care centre. The target population comprised patients presenting with palpable masses at neck region during the period of December 2010 to December 2012. The accuracy of FNAC was verified by histological examination in this final study group of (n=136) patients. Results: In these (n=136) patients, twenty were males and hundred were females. Thyroid gland (60%) was the commonest site aspirated, followed by lymph node (35%), and soft tissue lesions (5%). In our study the sensitivity was 87.5%, the specificity was 100%, the positive predictive value was 100%, the negative predictive value was 98.50% and false negatives were 12.0%. Summary and Conclusion: We concluded that FNAC is a safe, cost-effective, sensitive and specific technique in the initial evaluation of head and neck masses. A correct cytological diagnosis can be achieved in a majority of cases, avoiding the need for surgical interventions.
1. J.E. Russ, E.F. Sacnion, A.M. Christ. Aspiration cytology of head and neck masses. Am J Surg.1978; 136:342–7. 2. G. Mahbod, F. Koasri, M.A. Tafreshi. Fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing non thyroidal neckmasses. Acta Med Iran. 2002; 40:49–51. 3. V.Tilak, A.V. Dhaded, R. Jain. Fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck masses. Indian JPatholMicrobiol 2002; 45(1):23-30. 4. N. Dorairajan, N. Jayashree. “Solitary nodule of the thyroid and the role of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis. J Ind Med Ass 1996; 94(2):50-2. 5. M.Bouvet, J.I. Feldman, G.N. Gill et al. Surgical management of the thyroid nodule: patient selection based on the results of fine-needle aspiration cytology, Laryngoscope1992; 102(12):1353-6. 6. R.C. Hamaker, M.I.Singer, R.V. DeRossi, et al. Role of needle biopsy in thyroid nodules. Archives of Otolaryngology 1983; 109(4):225–8. 7. M.Radetic, Z.Kralj, I.Padovan. Reliability of aspiration biopsy in thyroid nodes: study of 2190 operated patients. Tumori 1984; 70 (3):271–6. 8. H.M.Al-Sayer, Z.H. Krukowski,V.M.Williams, et al.Fine needle aspiration cytology in isolated thyroid swellings: a prospective two year evaluation. Brit Med J 1985; 290:1490-2. 9. E.L.Cusick, C.A.MacIntosh, Z.H.Krukowski et al. Management of isolated thyroid swelling: a prospective six year study of fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis. Brit Med J 1990; 301:318–21. 10. A.Kessler, H.Gavriel, S.Zahav, et al. Accuracy and consistency of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of solitary thyroid nodules. Israel Med Ass J 2005; 7(6):371–3. 11. A.D.Brooks, A.R.Shaha,W.D.Mornay. Role of fine needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section analysis in the surgical management of thyroid tumors. Annals of Surgical Oncology 2001;8(2):92–100. 12. R. J. DeVos, T.N. Cappel, N.D. Bouvy et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid nodules: how accurate is it and what are the causes of discrepant cases. Cytopath 2000; 12 (6):399-405. 13. A.K.Gupta, M. Nayar, M.Chandra. Critical appraisal of fine needle aspiration cytology in tuberculous lymphadenitis. Acta cytol 1992; 36(3):391-4. 14. S. Kumara, N. Chowdhury. Accuracy, limitations andpitfalls in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumours by fineneedle aspiration cytology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2007; 50 (1):42-5.
Classifying Gait Patterns of Older Adults by Movement Control and Biomechanical Factors: Validation by Gait and Physical Performance Measures
Shyam D. Ganvir, Suvarna S.Ganvir, Amit V Nagrale, Abhijit D.Diwate
Background: While gait patterns of older adults with mobility problems vary, the patterns are rarely used to plan interventions. The purpose of this study was to establish concurrent validity of a clinically useful classification system using gait and physical performance measures. Methods: Community-dwelling male veterans (n=106; mean 76 ± 7.1) referred for mobility problems were videotaped for evaluation. Gait patterns have been classified using structured clinical observation and along movement control factors (consistent, inconsistent) & biomechanical factors (posture: usual, flexed, extended, crouched). Pair wise comparisons across various groups were performed to validate the gait classification using gait parameters (gait speed, step length, width and variability), lower extremity range of motion and muscle strength, physical function in ADL (Physical Performance Test, PPT) and gait abnormalities (GARS-M). Results: Consistent and inconsistent groups were different in gait speed (0.66 and 0.49m/s, respectively; p=0.003), step length (0.46 and 0.38m; p=0.008), step length variability (7.47% and 12.74%; p=0.043), the PPT (15.80 and 11.73; p<0.001) and GARS-M (5.83 and 10.66; p<0.001). Within both consistent and inconsistent groups, four groups defined by postural patterns, also differed in gait speed, step length, PPT and GARS-M scores (p<.05). Conclusion: Gait pattern classification based on movement control and biomechanical factors has good concurrent validity with respect to gait and physical performance measures of mobility.
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Exp Aging Res.2000;26(2):159-68. 8. Teixeira CS, Link DM, Ribeiro JK, Costa VP, Mota CB. Aspectos biomecânicos do caminhar em idosos. In: XVII Jornada Acadêmica Integrada. Anais Acadêmicos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM): Santa Maria; 2002. 9. Buchner DM, Larson EB, Wagner EH, Koepsell TD, de Lateur BJ. Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strenght and gait speed. Age Ageing. 1996;25(5):386-91. 10. Sipilä S, Multanen J, Kallinen M, Era P, Suominen H. Effects of strength and endurance training on isometric muscle strength and walking speed in elderly women. Acta Physiol Scamd. 1996;156(4):457-64. 11. Carvalho J, Soares JMC. Envelhecimento e força muscular: breve revisão. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. 2004;4(3):79-93. 12. Kerrigan DC, Todd MK, Della Croce U, Lipsitz LA, Collins JJ. Biomechanical gait alterations independent of speed in the healthy elderly: evidence for specific limiting impairments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(3):317-22. 13. 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Province MA, Hadley EC, Hornbrook MC, Lipsitz LA, Miller JP, Mulrow CD et al. The effect of exercise on falls in the elderly patients: A preplanned meta-analisis of the FICST Trials. Frailty and injuries: Cooperative Studies of Intervention Techniques. JAMA. 1995;273(17):1341-7. 20. VanSwearingen JM, Paschal KA, Bonino P, Yang JF. The modified Gait Abnormality Rating Scale and recognizing recurrent fall risk of community dwelling, frail older veterans. Phys Ther. 1996;76(9):994-1002. 21. Salmela LFT, Faria CDC, Cassiano JGC, Tirdo MGA. Vale a pena viver: promovendo autonomia e qualidade de vida para idosos. Anais do encontro de extensão da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG): Belo Horizonte; 2004. 22. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Statistical Measures of Rehability. In: Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 2ª ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Health; 2000. p. 528-36. 23. Montero-Odasso M, Schapira M, Soriano ER, Varela M, Kaplan R, Camera LA et al. Gait velocity as a single predictor of adverse events in healthy seniors aged 75 year and older. J Gerontology A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(10):1304-9. 24. Pijnappels M, Bobbert MF, van Dieën JH. Changes in walking pattern caused by the possibility of a tripping reaction. Gait Posture. 2001;14(1)11-8. 25. Lord SR, Lloyd DG, Li SK. Sensori-motor function, gait patterns and falls in community-dwelling women. Age Aging. 1996;25(4):292-9. 26. Stalenhoef PA, Diederiks JP, de Witte LP, Schiricke KH, Crebolder HF. Impact of gait problems and falls on functioning in independent living persons of 55 years and over: a community survey. Patient Educ Coun. 1999;36(1):23-31. 27. Maciel ACC, Guerra RO. Prevalência e fatores associados ao déficit de equilÃbrio em idosos. Rev Bras Ci Mov. 2005;13(1):37-44. 28. Lord SR, Sherrington C, Menz HB. Falls in older people: risk factors and strategies for prevention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. 29. Roger MA, Evans WJ. Changes in skeletal muscle with aging: effects of exercise training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1993;21:65-102
A Qualitative Assessment of the Perceptions towards Mandatory Pre-Marital HIV Testing Among Unmarried Youths in Dakar
P G Sow, A. B. Tall, O. Ka, A. A. Ndiaye, A Tal Dia, I Traore
Abstract: Mandatory premarital HIV testing is gaining more ground especially among youths in Dakar but the perceptions of the young persons affected by this request have not been adequately explored. This study used a qualitative approach to assess the perceptions of unmarried youths regarding mandatory pre-marital HIV testing. Six focus group discussions were conducted among male and female youths in Dakar areas. Many of the participants were aware of mandatory pre-marital HIV testing and majority had a positive perception of the practice. Though participants were of the view that a positive HIV status at that stage would signify the end of the relationship, most of the female participants were against the cancelation of intending marriages by religious organizations because of sero-discordance. Even though majority wanted the results to be given to the couple, most would like the religious leader to disclose the result. The need for post-test counselling was stressed by many of the participants.
1. Akani CI, Erhabor O and Babatunde S.(2005) Pre-marital HIV testing in couples from faith-based organisations: experience in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 14(1):39-44. Jan-Mar. 2. Burns K (2010) Mandatory premarital HIV testing: A gender analysis. pag.aids2010.org/PDF/5752.pdf 3. De Cock, KM, Bunnell R and Mermin J (2004) Unfinished business-Expanding HIV testing in developing countries. Retrieved July 24, 2007 from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/354/5/440 4. Durojaye B and Balogun V (2010) Human Rights Implications of Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing in Nigeria. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 24(2), 245–265 5. Frerichs RR (1997) Early HIV detection, marriage and India. Retrieved August 27, 2007 from www.ucla.edu/Epi/seaids/seaaids-8.html 6. Luginaah IN, Yiridoe EK and Taabazuing MM (2005) from mandatory to voluntary testing; balancing human rights, religions and cultural values, and HIV/AIDS prevention in Ghana. Soc.Sci.Med.61 (8): 1689-700. 7. National Agency for the Control of AIDS (2011) Fact Sheet: PMTCT in Nigeria 2011. Retrieved from http://naca.gov.ng/content/view/399/lang.en 8. Open Society Institute (2010) Mandatory premarital HIV testing: an overview.pdf. Retrieved from http://aidsdatahub.org/en/whats-new/287-all-data-alerts/572-o 9. Open Society Institute (2008) Women and HIV Testing: Policies, Practices, and the Impact on Health and Human Rights. Retrieved from tttp://www.soros.org/initiatives/focus/law/articles publications/publications/womenhiv 10. PlusNews (2008) NIGERIA: "With this HIV test, I thee wed". Global HIV/AIDS news and analysis. Retrieved from http://www.plusnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=81573 11. Rennie S and Mupenda B (2007) Ethics of mandatory premarital testing in Africa: The case of Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved from www.blackwellsynergy.com 12. Scripture Union West Africa Capacity Building Project (SUWA) (2006) Communiqué. Retrieved October 16, 2008 from http://www.cabsa.co.za/SCRIPTURE%20UNION%20WEST%20AFRICA-comunique.pdf 13. Ubuane L, Faleyimu BL, Ajayi P, and Aremo G (2000) HIV testing, positivity and marriage in a religious set up of a Nigerian community. Retrieved May 28, 2007, from gateway.nlm.nih.gov/Meeting Abstracts 14. UNAIDS (2010) UNAIDS Report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010. www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_em.pdf 15. UNAIDS (2008). Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/en/HIV data/2008/globalreport/default.asp 16. UNAIDS/WHO (2004) UNAIDS/WHO policy statement on HIV testing. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/rpc/research_ethics/hivtestingpolicy_en_pdf.pdf\ 17. Uneke CJ, Alo M and Ogbu O (2007) Mandatory pre-marital HIV testing in Nigeria: the public health and social implications. AIDS care. 19(1): 116-121. 18. UNGASS (2010) 'UNGASS Country Progress Report: Nigeria' 19. UNAIDS/WHO. Epidemiological fact sheets on HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections: update 2009. 20. UNAIDS/WHO Report on the global AIDS Epidemic, May 2010 21. UNAIDS/WHO (2009 February), “UNAIDS guidance note on HIV and sex workerâ€