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Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare pediatric malignancy, which presents in infancy or early childhood with myeloproliferative features and hepatosplenomegaly. JMML is Philadelphia chromosome negative with aggressive clinical course. We report a case of JMML in a three year old female child with recurrent fever, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly. Her blood examination showed leucocytosis, monocytosis and elevated HbF without increase in blasts. Philadelphia chromosome was negative. The disease progressed with worsening anemia, leucocytosis and thrombocytopenia and patient expired due to intracranial bleed within two months of diagnosis.

1. Arico M, Biondi A, Pui C-H. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood 1997;90:479-88. 2. Franco L, Peter N, Marco Z, Elizabeth K, Edoardo L, Christine P, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia. Blood 2005;1:410-19. 3. Shannon KM, O’ Connell P, Martin GA, Paderanga D, Olson K, Dinndorf P, McCormick F: Loss of the normal NF1 allele from the bone marrow of children with type I neufibomatosis and malignant myeloid disorders. N Engl J Med 1994;330:597-601. 4. Stiller CA, Chessells JM, Fitchett M. Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukemia/lymphoma: a population-based UKCCSG study. Br J Cancer1994;70:969-972. 5. Hasle H, Niemeyer CM, Chessells JM, et al. A pediatric approach to the WHO classification of myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative diseases. Leukemia 2003;17:277-82. 6. Vardiman JW, Pierre R, Imbert M, et al. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H et al. Pathology and Genetics of Haematopoitic and Lymphoid Tissues. World Health Organisation Classification of Tumors. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2001:55-57. 7. Emanuel PD. Myelodysplasia and Myeloproliferative disorders in childhood:An update. Br J hematol 1999; 105:852-63. 8. Cooper JN, Shannon KM, Loken MR, Weaver M, Staphens K, Sievers EL.Evidence that juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia can arise from a pluripotential stem cell. Blood 2000;96(6):2310-13. 9. Donadieu J, Stephan JL, Blanche S, et al. Treatment of juvenile chronic myelomonocytic leukemia by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;13:777-82. 10. Locatelli F, Nolleke P, Zecca M, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML): results of the EWOG-MDS/EBMT trial. Blood 2005;105:410-19

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia is rare neoplasia resembling pterygium. It is important to understand Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia because it casues disfigurement and it can progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The following case report describes its clinical presentation, histopathological findings and management of patient.

1. Lee GA, Hirst LW. Ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Surv Ophthalmol 1995; 39; 429-50. 2. Albert and Jakobiec, Principles and Practice of opthalmology. 2nd edition, volume 2, chapter 75, tumors of cornea and conjuctiva, page no. 1008. 3. System of opthalmology by Sir S. Duke elder, volume VIII, Diseases of octer eye; Part II, Section V, Cyst and Tumors. Chapter XIII, page no. 1166 (1965). 4. Ash and Wilder, Amer J. Opthal, 25, 926 (1942). 5. Lee GA, Hirst LW. Retrospective study of ocular surface squamous neoplasia Australian NZJ Ophthalmology 1997; 4; 269-76. 6. John Harry, Eyes: in Systemic Pathology by W. St. C. Symmers, 3rd ed, Vol 4, Hampshire: 1990; 629-3. 7. Tunc M, Char DH, Crawford B and Miller T: Intraepithelial and invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva: analysis of 60 cases. Br J Ophthalmol. 83:98–103. 1999 8. Rojo MG, Bueno G and Slodkowska J: Review of imaging solutions for integrated quantitative immunohistochemistry in the Pathology daily practice. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 47:349–354. 2009.

Introduction: Worldwide, the second major cause of death is use of tobacco. Throughout the world, 5 million people are killed each year due to use of tobacco products. According to WHO estimates for the year 2020, about 10 million deaths will be caused by use of tobacco and most of these deaths will occur in developing countries. Use of tobacco in various forms is increasing in urban slum area. The present study was undertaken to find out prevalence of tobacco use in adolescents of urban slum area of South India and various factors associated with its use. Materials and Methods: The present community based cross sectional study was conducted during September –December 2009 in an urban slum area of South India. All adolescents in the age group of 10-19 were included in the study. The study subjects were interviewed by predesigned and pretested questionnaire. Data in respect of age, sex, tobacco use by them, tobacco use by other family members was collected. Results: Total no of study subjects included in the study were 287.68.99 % study subjects were males. Most of the study subjects were in the age group of 10-13 yrs (39.72%).Most of the study subjects were literate (81.18). The overall prevalence of tobacco use in the slum area was found to be 31.71%. 20.88 % of adolescents initiated tobacco before adolescence (before 10 years) and 52.75 % adolescents initiate tobacco in early adolescence period (10 to 13 years).Curiosity (67.03%) and peer pressure (42.86%) were the main reasons behind starting and continuing tobacco use. Conclusion: Curiosity and peer pressure were the main reasons behind using tobacco so simple stray knowledge about harmful effects of tobacco was not enough to bring about any change in behavior. Strong motivation with informatory knowledge is likely to change such behavior. Behavior Change Communication activities among adolescents and their family members should be carried out in the slum area as well as in the schools.

1. Mackay J, Eriksen M. The tobacco atlas 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. 2. World Health Organization. Adolescent friendly health services: an agenda for change. Geneva: WHO; 2002. 3. National Family Health Survey (2000). India 1998-1999 National Family Health Survey – 2 (NFHS-2). Background characteristics of Households. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS). Mumbai, India 2000;30 4. Arora M, Reddy KS. Global Youth TobaccoSurvey (GYTS) Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2005; 42: 850-851. 5. Patel DR, Greydances DE. Substance abuse: a Paediatric Concern. Indian J. Paediatrics 1999; 66:557 – 567. 6. Sharma R, Grover VL, Chaturvedi S. Tobacco use among adolescent students and the influence of role models. Indian J of community Medicine 2010; 35:272-275. 7. Arora M, Tewari A, Tripathy V, Nazar GP, Juneja NS, Ramakrishnan S et al. Community-based model for preventing tobacco use among disadvantaged adolescents in urban slums of India. Health Promot. Int. (2010) doi: 10.1093/ heapro/daq008 First published online: February 27, 2010. 8. Ansari ZA, Bano SN, Zulkifle N. Prevalence of tobacco use among power loom workers – A cross sectional study. . Indian J of Community Medicine 2010; 35:34-39. 9. Shah VN, Verma PB, Tripathi CB. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding tobacco consumption among college students of Bhavnagar City (Gujarat). Indian J of Community Medicine 2005; 30:39-40. 10. World Health Organization. The health of young people: A challenge and a promise. Geneva: WHO; 2002. 11. Kumari R, Nath B. Study on use of tobacco among male medical students in Lucknow, India. Indian J of Community Medicine 2008; 33:100-103

Introduction: Although an ancient surgical procedure, amputation has retained its relevance in modern time to save life or remove a dead or useless limb. The physical disability associated with it has been partly overcome by sophisticated modern prosthetic technology, which unfortunately is poorly available and often non-affordable in the developing countries. Knowledge of indications and complications of amputation is helpful in instituting preventive strategies. Present study describes the complications and outcome of Lower Extremity Amputations in surgical cases at Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Aurangabad which is a well known tertiary referral centre in Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Methods: This is a study of 174 patients who had visited GMCH, Aurangabad for treatment during the period of February 2004 to October 2006. The lower extremity amputation done in the patients was either elective or an emergency procedure. Complications and outcome of the cases was described. Results and Conclusions: Observations show that in our study primary closure was achieved in 53% cases whereas 47% underwent Guillotine Amputation. Total of 29 patients from our study required re-amputation. The most common complications were Infection and Phantom pain which were found in 17.2% and 16.09% cases respectively. Mortality was 11.4% in the study group. Crutches were used as the most form of rehabilitation method. Present study gives valuable information regarding the complications and outcome of patients undergoing lower limb amputations from the Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

1. Dinesh Kadam. Limb salvage surgery. Indian J Plast Surg. 2013 May-Aug; 46(2): 265–274 2. A Ajibade, OT Akinniyi, and CS Okoye. Indications and Complications of Major Limb Amputations in Kano, Nigeria. Ghana Med J. Dec 2013; 47(4): 185–188. 3. Junaid M Shaikh, Sarojini P Jadhav, Anagha S Varudkar. Epidemiology and clinical profile of lower extremity amputations at tertiary care hospital in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra: An observational study. Medpulse. October 2014; 1(10): 627-630 4. Barnes RW, Shanik GD, Slaymaker EE. An index of healing in below-knee amputation: leg blood pressure by Doppler ultrasound. Surgery. 1976 Jan;79(1):13-20. 5. Berardi RS, Keonin Y (1978), Amputations in peripheral vascular occlusive disease. Am J Surg 135, 231-234. 6. Kegel B, Margaret LC, Ernest MB. A survey of lower-limb amputees: Prostheses, phantom sensations, and psychosocial aspects. Bulletin of Prosthetics Research—Spring 1977.10: 43-60. 7. Huston CC, Bivins BA, Calvin BE, Ward OG Jr. Morbid Implications of Above-Knee Amputations Report of a Series and Review of the Literature. Arch Surg 115:165-167, 1980.

Introduction: Any substance irrespective of its quality or quantity when given with an intention to endanger, injure or kill a person, will be called poison. In India intentional, occupational and accidental poisoning is a major public health problem. Manner of poisoning is mainly suicidal and accidental, whereas even few cases of homicide are reported. In Puducherry region during 2013, the suicidal rate was 35.6 per one lakh populations and suicidal poisoning deaths were 12.3%. Knowing the pattern of poisoning cases in a region helps in suggesting proper earliest preventive measures and also in early management of cases.This study will aim at determining sociodemographic profile, pattern of poisoning and the outcome of cases reporting to Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital during the study period. Aims and Objectives: To study the socio demographic profiles of the poisoned individuals and type of poisoning. Materials and Methods: This present study was conducted in the Department of Casualty and Forensic Medicine, Sri ManakulaVinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry for a period of one year from June 2013 to May 2014.All the cases who have consumed poisons reported to Casualty, during the study period were included. The victims profile like name, age, sex, marital status, education and occupational status are obtained and two identification marks are recorded. History about the poisoning regarding, time, date, type of poison were recorded in the proforma. Data collected will be entered in the computer database, analysis done. Results: A total of 322 cases reported to during the study period were recorded. Out of this the majority of the victims were female (55.60%), married (53.41%) and the most commonly affected age group was between 21-30 years. Most of the victims were unemployed (77.63%), illiterate (19.25%). Nuclear family (86%) and from low economic class (70.6%). Insecticides and Pesticides (41. 92%) were the most common type of poison. Conclusion: Information gathered from this study can be used in formulating regulations which will help society from the hazardous effects of poisoning. Therefore the findings of this study will be helpful for the government authorities and planning bodies, to plan and implement strategies towards prevention of poisoning.

1. Santhosh CS, Kumar S, Nawaz B. Profile of poisoning cases autopsied at district government hospital, Davangere. IJFMT 2012Jan-June;6(1):104-6. 2. Karmakar RN. Forensic medicine and toxicology. Toxicology 2011;3:57-128. 3. Accidents and accidental deaths in Tamil Nadu. www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cit2012/writeup14_12.pdf. Accessed on 11 March 2014. 4. Pillay VV. Comprehensive medical toxicology. 14th edition. Hyderabad: Paras publications; 2004. 5. Vaswani V, Patil VD. Spectrum of childhood poisoning: A Belgaum experience. JFMT 1998;15:50-2. 6. Kumar A, Vij K. Trends of poisoning in Chandigarh-A six year autopsy study. JFMT 2001Jan-June;18(1):8-10. 7. Patil D. Deaths due to poisoning at district hospital- a retrospective study. IJFMT 2013Jul-Dec;7(2):221-2. 8. Padmakumar K, Maheshkrishna BG, Jaghadheeswararaj J, Natarajan A. Incidence of poisoning reported at a tertiary care hospital. J-SIMLA 2013 Sep;5(2):58-62. 9. Pokhrel D, Pant S, Pradhan A, Mansoor S. “A comparative retrospective study of poisoning cases in central, zonal and district hospitals”. Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and technology 2008Sep;1(5):40-48. 10. Dhattarwal SK, Singh H. Profile of deaths due to poisoning in Rohtak,Haryana. JFMT2001;18(2):28-9. 11. Harish D, Sharma BR, ChavaliKH, Sharma.A. Poisoning mortality in Chandigarh:Anoverview. JIAFM 2006;28(3):110-3. 12. Kumar NH, Reddy PS. A study of poisoning cases at Harsha hospital Nelamangala, Bangalore Rural. Medicolegal update 2013Jan-Jun;13(1):168-70. 13. Ahmad MDZ, Hussain T, Kumar M. Pattern of poisoning reported at BC Roy hospital, HaldiaPurbaMidnapur, West Bengal. Medicolegal update 2012Jul-Dec;12(2):228-30. 14. Navinkumar M, Kalele. Study of profile of deaths due to poisoning in Bhavnagar. JIAFM 2011Oct-Dec;33(4):311-6. 15. Bharath KG, Pal US. The pattern of poisoning in Khammam. JIAFM 2011Oct-Dec;33(4):296-300. 16. Tapse SP, Shetty VB, Jinturkar AD. Profile of fatal poisoning in and around Bidar, Karnataka. IJFMT 2012Jan-Jun;6(1):127-9. 17. Haloi M, Haloi MD, Patowary A. Death due to poisoning in district of Kamrup, Assam a Medicolegal study. IJAFM 2013Jan-Mar;35(1):17-20. 18. Sanjeev K, Mangal HM, Akhilesh P. Trends of fatal poisoning in Saurastra region of Gujarat a prospective study. JIAFM 2011Jul-Sep;33(3):197-9. 19. Singh S, Singh B, Latika, Kumar V, Chauhan A. A study of sociodemographic profile and outcome of poisoning cases reported at tertiary care teaching hospital of northern India. Medicolegal update 2014Jan-Jun;14(1):216-9. 20. Ramesha KN, Rao KBH, Kumar GS. Indian J Critical Care Med 2009Jul-Sep;13(3):152-5. 21. Siddapur KR, Pawar GS, Mestri SC. Trends of poisoning and gross stomach mucosal appearance in fatal poisoning cases: An autopsy study. JIAFM 2011Apr-Jun;33(2):106-11. 22. Navinkumar M, Kalele. Study of profile of deaths due to poisoning in Bhavnagar. JIAFM 2011Oct-Dec;33(4):311-6. 23. Ropmay AD, Slong D, Gogoi SJ, Tesia SS. Profile of poisoning at a teaching hospital in Shillong. Medicolegal update 2014Jan-Jun;14(1):193-7.

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is high, lifestyle and dietary habits has major impact in developing obesity. Excessive body fat at young age is likely to persist into adulthood and is associated with physical and psychosocial morbidities, with increase in incidence of cardiovascular risk factors. Objectives: To compare the dietaryhabits and lifestyle patterns and their association with cardiovascular risk factors among the obese and non-obese children. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in 112 children aged 5-15 years, who had presented with complaints of obesity to pediatric outpatient department in a tertiary care hospital, Tumkur, Karnataka from December 2013 to September 2014. Prevalence of childhood obesity was calculated based on BMI using NCHS guidelines. Cardio vascular risk factors like blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting blood sugar were evaluated. Dietary pattern, physical activity and behavioral patterns were record edonapre-tested proforma informed by parents. Results: Out of 112 children included in the study28 (25%) children were obese, 28 (25 %) children were overweight, 56 (50 %) children were normal. Pre- hypertension (18.9%) and Hypertension (24.5%) were found to be statistically significantintheobesegroupwhencomparedtothenon-obesegroup.Obesegroup had higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C compared to non-obese group. Obese children had higher significant risk factors like excess caloriein take and sedentary activities compared to non-obese group. Conclusion: Childhood obesity was associated with excess calorie intake and certain behavioral changes like TV watching habit. These children are at a higher risk of “childhood onset of adult diseases” especially hypertension and dyslipidemia. This demands a timely intervention to decrease the adulthood morbidity and mortality due to obesity in these children.

1. International Association for the Study of Obesity. Obesity the global epidemic. Available from: http://www.iaso.org/iotf/obesity/obesitytheglobalepidemic/. Accessed Dec 15,2013. 2. Kaushik JS, Narang M, Parakh A. Fast food consumption in children. Indian Pediatr. 2011; 48:97-101. 3. Reilly JJ, Kelly J, Wilson DC. Accuracy of simple clinical and epidemiological definitions of childhood obesity: systematic review and evidence appraisal. Obesity Reviews 2010; 11(9):645–55. 4. Cole TJ, Lobstein T. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatric Obesity 2012; 7(4):284–94. 5. Daniels SR. Complications of obesity in children and adolescents. International Journal of Obesity 2009; 33 Suppl1s:S60–5. 6. Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kimm SY. Childhood obesity. Lancet 2010; 375(9727):1737–48. 7. Geddes R, Haw S, Frank J. Interventions for Promoting Early Child Development for Health: An Environmental Scan with Special Reference to Scotland. Edinburgh: Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, 2010. 8. Chatterjee P. India sees parallel rise in malnutrition and obesity. Lancet. 2002; 360:1948. 9. Sharma A, Sharma K, Mathur KP. Growth pattern and prevalence of obesity in affluent schoolchildren of Delhi. Public Health Nutr. 2007; 10:485-9. 10. Chakraborty P, Dey S, Pal R, Kar S, Zaman FA, Pal S. Obesity in Kolkata children: Magnitude in relationship to hypertension. J Natural Sci Bio Med. 2012; 2:101-6. 11. Boyd GS, Koenigsberg J, Falkner B, Gidding S, Hasink S. Effect of obesity and high blood pressure on plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2005; 116 (2): 442-6. 12. Kapil U, Singh P, Pathak P, Dwivedi SN, Bhasin S. Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent adolescent school children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr 2002; 39:449-52. 13. Robinson TN. Television viewing and childhood obesity. PediatrClin N Am 2001; 1017-1023.

Introduction: Acute poisoning is a major public health issue in many countries around the world. The nature of poison used varies in different parts of the world and may vary even in different parts of the same country depending on the socioeconomic factors and cultural diversity. In developing countries such as India the reported mortality of 10% is significantly higher than the 0.5% reported in developed countries. Materials and Method: The present study was a retrospective study conducted over a period of twenty-four months at district hospital, Chitradurga. Case records of poisoning cases from January 2011 till December 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: A total of 408 patients of various poisoning cases were studied. Incidence was more common among males (74.6%) compared to females (25.4) with a ratio of 3:1. Most cases of acute poisoning presented in the age group between 20 and 29 years (31.2%) followed by 12 to 19year age group (30.2%). By occupation, 44.8% of the cases were farmers and laborers (183) followed by housewives (13.2%, 54), students (12.5%, 51), unemployed (10.2%, 42) and businessmen (8.8%, 36).A majority of the poisoning cases (36.0%) were due to organophosphorus compound (OPC) followed by snake bite (16.2%), drugs (11.0%), rat poison (7.3%) and others. Conclusions: Incidences of intentional poisoning are rising day by day due to social, emotional and professional stress. Most commonly used agents for intentional poisoning are pesticides or medicines by the people. The findings of the study conclude that intentional poisoning was more in male adults and in female adolescent group. The mortality and morbidity due to poisoning can be reduced by conducting educational programs in rural areas and providing counselling services and poison information services to the needy people.

1. Ramesha K N, Krishnamurthy B. H. Rao, and Ganesh S. Kumar. Pattern and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India.Indian J Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul-Sep; 13(3): 152–155. 2. David G, Michael E, Michael RP, Flemming K. The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review. BMC Public Health.2007; 7:357. 3. Unnikrishnan B, Singh B, Rajeev A. Trends of acute poisoning in South Karnataka.KathmanduUniv Med J (KUMJ) 2005; 3:149–54. 4. Dash SK, Aluri SR, Mohanty MK, Patnaik KK, Mohanty S. Sociodemographic profile of poisoning cases. JIAFM. 2005; 27:133–8.5. Basu A. Study of Organophosphorus poisoning over 3 years. J Assoc Physicians India. 1988; 36:21. 5. Afshari R, Majdzadeh R, Balali-Mood M. Pattern of acute poisonings inmashhad, Iran 1993–2000. Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology.2004; 42(7):965–975. 6. Basu A. Study of Organophosphorus poisoning over 3 years. J Assoc Physicians India. 1988; 36:21. 7. Srinivas Rao Ch, Venkateswarlu V, Surender T, Eddleston M, Buckley NA. Pesticide poisoning in south India: opportunities for prevention and improved medical management. Trop Med Int Health. 2005; 10:581–8. 8. Das RK. Epidemiology of Insecticide poisoining at A.I.I.M.S Emergency Services and role of its detection by gas liquid chromatography in diagnosis. Medico update.2007; 7:49–60. 9. Singh DP, Acharya RP. Pattern of poisoning cases at Bir hospital. J Institute Med.2006;28:3–6 10. Singh S, Sharma BK, Wahi PL. Spectrum of acute poisoning in adults. J Assoc Physicians India. 1984; 32:561–3. 11. Rajasuriya R, Awang R, Hashim SB, Rahmat HR. Profile of poisoning admissions in Malaysia. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007; 26:73–81. 12. Law S, Liu P. Suicide in China: Unique demographic patterns and relationship to depressive disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2008; 10:80–6. 13. Srivastava A, Peshin SS, Kaleekal T, Gupta SK. An epidemiological study of poisoning cases reported to the National Poisons Information Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2005; 24:279–85.

Introduction: Road traffic accidents are one of the major causes of death in developed as well as developing countries. India accounts for about 10% of road accident fatalities worldwide and more deaths are recorded due to traffic crashes than due to cardiovascular diseases or neoplasms. A very high number of road traffic accidents were reported in rural Puducherry and Areas around Puducherry such as Cuddalore and Villupuram. Materials and methods: The present study was a done in the casualty, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry. The Study included 781 Cases of Road Traffic Accident victims. The basic information’s like name, age are obtained followed by History of the accident Regarding, time, day, date, type of road, type of vehicle, road user status of the victim were collected. A meticulous clinical examination of injuries was done and the type, site, size and other features of the injuries were noted. Results: The majority of road traffic accident victims were male comprising of 85.02% and the male: female ratio is 6.67: 1.The age group commonly involved in accidents in both the sexes is 20-29 years (34%and21.4%).Accidents are more on Sundays (15.5%). Most of the accidents happen in the evening hours (44.6%). Accidents are more during the month of November (10.2%). Most of the accidents happen on semi urban tar roads (85.8). Two wheelers are the most common vehicles involving in accidents (41.3).The percentage of alcohol users involved in accidents is 16.1%. Head injury is the most common site to be injured (24%).Abrasion is the commonest type of injury (41.3%). A reasonable reduction in the number of accidents and injuries resulting from them can be achieved by making certain road safety measures. Conclusion: Awareness and health education regarding various traffic rules to the general population will help in reducing the frequency of road traffic accidents.

1. Ganveer GB, Tiwari RR. Injury Pattern Among Non Fatal Road Traffic Accident cases: A cross sectional study in Central India. Indian J med sci. 2005. Jan;59(1):9-12. 2. World Health Organization. World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva: WHO; 2010:3-29. 3. Asia Needs To Act on Road Crashes.4th International IRTSD Conference on Road Safety.2009Sep16-17. 4. Kalaiselvan G, Dongre AR, Mahalaksmy T. Epidemiology of Injury in Rural Pondicherry, India. J inj Violence Res. July 2011; 3(2):62-67. 5. Accidents and accidental deaths in Tamil Nadu. www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cit2012/writeup14_12.pdf. Accessed on 11 March 2014. 6. Singh YN, Bairagi KK, Das KC. An Epidemiological Study of Road Traffic Accident Victims in Medico Legal Autopsies. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. 2005; 27:166–9. 7. Kumar A, Qureshi GU, Aggarwal A, Pandey DR. Profile of Thoracic Injuries with Special Reference to Road Traffic Accidents in Agra. J Indian Acad Forensic Med 1999;21:104–9. 8. Nantulya VM. The Neglected Epidemic: Road Traffic Injuries in Developing Countries. BMJ. 2002 May 11; 324(7346):1139-41. 9. Kagne R.N, Godbole H.V, Borde B.S, Kamble S.R, Kulkarni A.P. Study of Fatal Traffic Accidents at GMCH,Nanded.1997. 10. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. National Pedestrian Crash Report. http://nhtsa.gov.in. Accessed on March 2014. 11. Traffic Collision. Wikipedia Free Encycl. 2013. Accessed on 2014 July 27. 12. Jha S, Yadav B, Karn A, Aggarwal A, Gautham A. Epidemiological study of fatal head injury in road traffic accident cases: A study from BPKIHS, Dharan. May – Aug 2010;8(2):97-101. 13. Tandle RM, Keoliya AN. Patterns of Head Injuries in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in A Rural District of Maharashtra – Autopsy Based Study. JIAFM. Jul- Sep. 2011; 33(3):228-231. 14. Slater S, Senthilvel V, Joshima J.A Profile on Road Traffic Accidents in Pududcherry (Union Teritory). IJFMT. Jan- June.2014;8(1):32-4. 15. Jha N, Srinivasa DK, Roy G, Jagdish S. Injury Pattern among Road Traffic Accident Cases: A Study from Soth India. Ind Journal of Com Med. Apr – June 2006; 28(2):85 -90.

Bone metabolism changes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) awoke a growing interest in the past few years mostly because of their high prevalence, with estimations around 40-50% for osteopenia and 5-30% regarding osteoporosis. Contributing factors including inadequate nutrition, corticosteroid, and decreased physical activity. Trace elements play an important role in the growth development and maintenance of bones. The aim of our study was to assess the Bone mineral indexes and serum Zinc, Copper, Selenium levels in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients and their correlation with bone mineral density. One hundred newly diagnosed patients of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and 50 healthy Controls of both gender ranging in age from 19-50 years were included in the study. Fasting blood samples were processed for all baseline parameters. Serum Zinc, Copper and Selenium assessed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The subjects were evaluated for Bone Mineral Density (g/cm2) using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry scan and T score was calculated to assess Osteoporosis. Student’s unpaired t-test, one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analysis. Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients had significantly lower Bone Mineral Density than the Controls. Bone Mineral Density values were not different between the subtypes Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Though Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease patients had significantly lower Bone Mineral Density than the Controls. Significantly Low Zinc and selenium level was observed in Inflammatory Bowel disease patients however Copper was found significantly high. Zinc, Copper and Selenium level was significantly correlated with Bone Mineral Density(r=0.24,-0.25,0.22). Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease are more prone to develop metabolic bone disease. Along with other nutrients supplement Zinc, Copper and Selenium should be added to prevent bone loss as well as oxidative stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patient.

1. Nguyen GC, Torres EA, Regueiro M, et al. Inflammatory boweldisease characteristics among African Americans, Hispanics,and non-Hispanic Whites: characterization of a large NorthAmerican cohort. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1012-1023. 2. Natalie A 2012. Increasing Incidence and Prevalence of the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases With Time, Based on Systematic Review. Gastroenterology 142:46–54. 3. Shikhare G, Kugathasan S 2010. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in children: current trends. J Gastroenterol 45: 673–682. 4. Larsen S, BendtzenK, Nielsen OH 2010. Extra intestinal manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med 42: 97–114. 5. Ali T, Lam D, Bronze MS, Humphrey MB 2009. Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Am J Med 122: 599–604. 6. Amber J, Tresca V 2009. Osteoporosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Am J Med 122: 599–604. 7. Tania M 2011. The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes. Am J Physiol Gastrointestinal Liver Physiol 300: G477–G484. 8. Prentice A, Schoenmakers I, Laskey MA 2005. Nutrition and bone growth and development. ProcNutrSoc 65:348- 360. 9. Harries AD, Heatley RV. Nutritional disturbances in Crohn's disease. Postgrad Med J. 1983; 59: 690–697. 10. Palacios C 2006. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit Rev Food SciNutr 46:621-8. 11. Bounds W, Skinner J, Carruth BR, Ziegler P 2005. The relationship of dietary and lifestyle factors to bone Mineral indexes in children. J Am Diet Assoc 105:735-41. 12. WHO (1994). Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser843:1-129. 13. European Commission Report on Osteoporosis in the European Community: Action for Prevention. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications for the European Commission (1998). 14. International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF): Facts and statistics about osteoporosis and its impact in (2007). Available at: www.iofbonehealth.org/facts-and-statistics.html. Accessed September 19, 2007. 15. Scott EM, Gaywood I, Scott BB 2000. Guidelines for osteoporosis in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 46:1–8. 16. Bernstein CN, Leslie WD2004. Osteoporosis and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment PharmacolTher 19:941–52. 17. Alfredo J, Lucendo LC, Rezende DE 2009. Importance of nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. World J Gastroenterol May 7; 15(17): 2081-2088. 18. Fernández-BF, Mingorance MD 1990. Serum zinc, copper, and selenium levels in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of total enteral nutrition on trace element status. American Journal of Gastroenterology 85 (12): 1584-1589. 19. Rezvan R, Ensieh E 2014. Association of Zinc, Copper and Magnesium with bone Mineral density in Iranian postmenopausal women – a case control study. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders 13:43-48. 20. Caleb O, Molokwu BS, Yang V, Li MB2006. Zinc Homeostasis and Bone Mineral Density. Ohio Research and Clinical Review.www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-li/orcr-LiandMoloku.pdf. Fall 15. 21. Griffin IJ, Kim SC, Hicks PD, Liang LK, Abrams SA 2004. Zinc metabolism in adolescents with Crohn's disease. Pediatr Res56 (2):235-9. 22. Lothar Rink and Holger Kirchner 2000. Zinc-Altered Immune Function and Cytokine Production. Nutr130 (5): 1407S-1411. 23. Meerarani P, Ramadass P 2000. Zinc protact against apoptosis of endothelialcells induced by linoleic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am J ClinNutr 71(1):81-7. 24. Sturniolo GC, Molokhia MM, Shields R, Turnberg LA: Zinc absorption in Crohn’s disease. Gut 1980, 21(5), 387–391. 25. Huawei Zeng, Jay J. Cao and Gerald F 2013. Combs Jr Selenium in BoneHealth: Roles in Antioxidant Protection and Cell Proliferation.Nutrients 5: 97-110. 26. LiljanaGentschew, Lynnette R Ferguson 2012. Role of nutrition and microbiota in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 56(4):524-535. 27. Bronner F 2009. Recent developments in intestinal calcium absorption. NutrRev 67:109-113. 28. Ovesen J, Danscher G, Thomsen JS 2004.Autometallographic tracing of Zinc ions in growing bone. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 428-435. 29. Persad R, Jaffer I, Issenman RM 2006. The prevalence of long bone fracturesin pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J PediatrGastroenterolNutr43:597-602. 30. Corazza GR, Di Stefano M, Maurino E, Bai JC2005. Bones in coeliac disease: diagnosis and treatment. Best Pract Res ClinGastroenterol19: 453–465.

Potassium L-threoninate (PLT), a New Second order non linear optical crystal was grown by slow evaporation method for the first time. The unit cell parameters of as the grown crystal was estimated by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The as grown crystal was subjected to X-ray Powder diffraction studies to identify the crystalline nature. The UV-Vis absorption spectra was recorded to estimate the cut-off wavelength. The presence of functional groups was ascertained by FTIR analysis. The thermal stability of the crystal was determined by TG/DT analysis. The hardness of the crystal was studied by Vickers micro hardness tester. The SHG efficiency was tested by Kurtz Powder method. Dielectric measurements were carried out at various temperatures in the frequency range 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The AC conductivity measurements done on PLT reveals that PLT crystal has a sharp electrical conductivity with an increase of temperature.

1. Meenakshisundaram S, Parthiban S, Bhagavannarayana G, Madhurambal G, Mojumdar S. C: Influence of organic solvent on thristhioureazinc(II)sulphate crystals: Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2009; 96: 125-129. 2. Shirsat, M. D., Hussaini, S. S., Dhumane, N. R., Dongre, V. G. Influence of lithium ions on the NLO properties of KDP single crystals. Crystal Research Technology. 2008; 43 (7), 756-761. 3. Hussaini, S. S., Dhumane, N. R., Dongre, V. G. Karmuse, P. Ghughare, P.; Shirsat, M. D. Effect of glycine on the optical properties of Zinc Thiourea chloride (ZTC) single crystal, Journal of Optelectronics and Advanced Materials - Rapid Communication. 2008; 2, 108. 4. Meera, K., Muralidharan, R., Dhanasekaran, R., Manyum Prapun, Ramasamy, P. Growth of nonlinear optical material: L-arginine hydrochloride and its characterisation. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2004; 263, 510-516. 5. Andreetti, G. D., Cavalca, L., Musatti, A. The crystal and molecular structure of tris(thiourea)zinc(II) sulphate. Acta Crystallographica. Section B. 1968; 24, 683-690. 6. Min-hua Jiang, Qi Fang. Organic and Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Materials. Advanced Materials. 1999; 11(13), 1147-1151. 7. Pricilla Jeyakumari, A., Ramajothi, J., Dhanuskodi, S. Structural and microhard- ness studies of a NLO material–bisthiourea cadmium chloride. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2004; 269, 558. 8. Sun, H.Q., Yuan, D.R., Wang, X.Q., Cheng, X.F., Gong, C.R., Zhou, M., Xu, H.J., Wei, X.C., Luan, C.N., Pan, D.Y., Li, Z.F., Shi, X.Z. A novel metal–organic coordination complex crystal: tri-allylthiorea zinc chloride (ATZC). Crystal Research Technology. 2005; 40, 882. 9. Dhanuskodi, S., Vasantha, K. Structural, thermal and optical characterization of a NLO material: L-alaninium oxalate. Journal of Crystal Research Technology. 2004; 39, 259–265. 10. Meera, K., Muralidharan, R., Tripathi, A.K., Dhanasekaran,R., Ramasamy, P. Growth of thiourea-doped TGS crystals and their characterization. Journal of Crysal Growth. 2004; 63, 510–516. 11. Ushasree, P. M., Jayaval, R., Ramasamy, P. Influence of pH on the characteristics of zinc tris (thiourea) sulfate (ZTS) single crystals. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 1999; 61 (3), 270-274. 12. Ramesh Kumar, G., Gokul Raj, S., Sankar, R., Mohan, R.; Pandi, S., Jayavel, R. Growth, structural, optical and thermal studies of non-linear optical L-threonine single crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2004; 267 (1), 213-217. 13. Carl Henrik Gorbitz. L-Threonyl-L-alanine. Acta Crystallographica Section E. 2005; 61, 2012–2014. 14. Ravikumar, B. et al. DL-Threoninium dihydrogen phosphate, Acta Crystallographica Section E. 2002; 58, 1185-1187. 15. Kumar, G., Gokul Raj, S., Amit Saxena, Karnal, A.K., Thenneti Raghavalu, Mohan, R. Deuteration effects on structural, thermal, linear and nonlinear properties of l-threonine single crystals. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2008; 108, 359–363. 16. Ramesh Kumar, G., Gokul Raj, S. Growth and Physio Chemical Properties of Second-Order Nonlinear Optical L-Threonine Single Crystals. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2009; Article ID 704294, 40 pages 17. Mary Linet, J., Jerome Das, S. Investigations on growth, morphology, bulk growth and crystalline perfection of L-threonine, an organic nonlinear optical material. Physica B. 2010; 405, 3955–3959. 18. Moovendaran, K., Natarajan, S. Spectral characterization of some second harmonic generation materials from the amino acid family: L-Threonine and L-prolinium tartrate.Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2014; 129, 303–306. 19. Umamaheswaria, R., Joseph Arul Pragasama, A.: Growth and Electrical Properties of Thiourea Doped l-threonine NLO Single Crystal. Indian Journal of Research, 2013 November; 2 (11). 20. Raj, A.P. et al.: Structural, optical and mechanical property analysis of magnesium sulphate admixtured l-Threonine: A novel optoelectronic material. Optik. 2013; 124, 6887– 6891. 21. Anderson, Dielectrics, J. C. Chapman and Hall, London 1964. 22. Senthil Murugan, G., Ramasamy, P: Growth and characterization of metal-organic crystal: Tetra thiourea cobalt chloride (TTCoC): Journal of Crystal Growth. 2009; 311 (3), 585-588. 23. Ambujam, K. Thomas, P. C., Aruna, S., Prem Anand, D.; Sagayaraj, P: Growth and Characterization of dichloro tetrakis thiourea nickel single crystals: Crystal Research Technology. 2006; 41:1082-1088. 24. Rao, K.V., Smakula, A: Dielectric Properties of Cobalt Oxide, Nickel Oxide and Their Mixed Crystals: Journal of Applied Physics. 1965; 36 (6):2031-2038. 25. Rao, K.V., Smakula, A: Dielectric Properties of Alkaline Earth Fluoride Single Crystals: Journal of Applied Physics. 1966; 37(1), 319-323. 26. Smyth, C.P. (1955) Dielectric behavior and structure. 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L-asparaginase has been a major research subject worldwide because of its use as effective therapeutic agent against lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosacoma. Apart from its medical use it finds applications in food industry as well. The objective of the study was to purify, characterize L-asparaginase extracted from Salinicoccus sp. M KJ997975. The enzyme was purified to near homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation (40-60%), followed by dialysis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 column and DEAE Cellulose A-50 ion exchange column. The enzyme was purified to 64 folds and showed specific activity of 105 IU/mg of protein with 3.55 % recovery. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration of the purified enzyme suggested that the protein may be a homotetramer of approximately 56 kDa with each subunit of approximately 14 kDa. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity at 37°C and pH 7 after incubation period of 30 minutes. Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ activated the enzyme whereas EDTA and Hg 2+ inactivated it.

1. Verma N, Kumar K, Kaur G, Anand S: L-asparaginase a promising chemotherapeutic agent: Critical review in Biotechnology. 2007; 27: 45-62. 2. Savitri, Asthana N, Azmi W: Microbial L-asparginase a potent antitumor enzyme: Indian Journal of Biotechnology.2003; 2:184-194. 3. Kumar K, Verma N: The various sources and application of L-asparaginase: Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2012; 2: 197-205. 4. Amena S, Vishalakshi N, Prabhakar M, Dayanand A, Lingappa K: Production, purification and characterization of L-asparaginase from Streptomyces gulbargensis: Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2010; 41: 173-78. 5. Bhat MR, Nair JS and Marar T: KJ997975 - Salinicoccus sp. M 16S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence. NCBI genesequence. Sept 2014. 6. Diatasio JA, Salazar AM, Nadji M, Durden DL: Glutaminase- free asparaginase from Vibrio succinognes: an antilymphoma enzyme lacking hepatotoxicity: International Journal cancer.1982; 30: 343-47. 7. Imada S, Igarasi K, Nakahama, Isono M: Asparaginase and Glutaminase activities of microorganism: Journal of Genaral Microbiology.1973; 23:1163-1164. 8. Wriston JC, Yellin TO: L- asparaginase - A Review: Advanced Enzymes. 1973; 39: 185-248. 9. Lowry OH, Rosenbrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ: Protein measurement by Folin phenol reagent: Journal of Biological Chemistry.1951; 193: 266-75. 10. Laemmli UK: Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4: Nature (London). 1970; 227: 680-85. 11. Toma RJ, Suo’d AM, Shahlaa AH, Methal AA, Salman SK: Extraction and purification of L-Asparaginase II from local isolate of Proteus vulgaris: Baghdad Science Journal.2011; 8: 509-19. 12. Komathi S, Rajalakshmi G, Savetha S, Balaji S: Isolation, production and partial purification of L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by solid state fermentation: Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy. 2013; 2:55-59. 13. Renuka Devi KP, Santhi R, Sheeba D, Sangeetah R, Joshu S, Prabisha TP, Pooja S: Isolation, production and partial purification of L-asparaginase from Serratia marcescens: International Journal of Recent Scientific Research. 2012; 3: 1008-12. 14. Jain R, Zaidi KU, Verma Y, Saxena P: L-asparaginase: A promising enzyme for treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukiemia: People’s Journal of Scientific Research. 2011; 5: 29-35. 15. Vidya J, Vasudevan UM, Soccol CR, Pandey A: Cloning, functional expression and characterization of L-asparaginase II from E. coli MTCC 739: Food Technology and Biotechnology. 2011; 49: 286–90. 16. Magdy MY, Yusuf AA: Cloning, purification, characterization, immobilization of L-asparaginase II from E.coli W3110: Asian Journal of Biochemistry. 2008; 3:337-50. 17. Mohapatra BR, Sani RK, Banerjee UC: Characterization of L-asparaginase from Bacillus species isolated from an intertidal marine alga (Sargassum sp.): Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1995; 21:380-83. 18. Basha SN, Rekha R, Komalal M, Ruby S: Production of extracellular anti-leukemic enzyme L- asparaginase from marine actinomycetes by solid state and submerged fermentation: Purification and characterization: Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2009; 8: 353-60. 19. Blessoumy E, Sarhan M, Mansour J: Production, isolation and purification of L-asparaginase from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 50071 using solid-state fermentation: Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2004; 37: 387-93. 20. Shukla S, Mandal SK: Production purification and characterization of extracellular anti-leukaemic L-asparaginase from isolated Bacillus subtilis using solid state fermentation: International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology. 2013; 4: 89-99. 21. Senthil KM, Selvam K: Isolation and purification of high efficiency L-asparaginase by quantitative preparative continuous-elution SDS PAGE electrophoresis: Journal of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Technology. 2011; 3:73-83.

The Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-Band is one of the most preferred antenna structures for low cost and compact design for wireless system and microwave application. Multiband antenna is a relative interest since they can support multiple communication system. In this paper we represent the design of a compact size, single feed, single layer and dual frequency microstrip patch antenna for X-Band Medical Stereotactic Radio Surgery applications. A novel design of small sized, low profile coaxial fed patch antenna with unequal slots with wang edges is proposed for the frequency of X- Band application with the substrate. With the introduction of slots at the edges of the microstrip patch antenna has been reduced to 53.26%. The characteristics of the designed structure are investigated by using method of moment based EM simulation software IED. The simple configuration and low profile nature of the proposed antenna parameters such as return loss, bandwidth, gain, directivity, VSWR are calculated and leads to easy fabrication and multi frequency operation makes it suitable for the applications in X-band wireless communication systems.

1. I.Sarkar, P.P.Sarkar, S.K.Chowdhury “A New Compact Printed Antenna for Mobile Communication”, 2009 Loughborough Antennasand Propagation Conference, 16-17 November 2009, pp 109-112. 2. S. Chatterjee, U. Chakraborty, I.Sarkar, S. K. Chowdhury, and P.P.Sarkar, “A Compact Microstrip Antenna for Mobile Communication”, IEEE annual conference. Paper ID: 510 3. J.-W. Wu, H.-M. Hsiao, J.-H. Lu and S.-H. Chang, “Dual broadband design of rectangular slot antenna for 2.4 and 5 GHz wireless communication”, IEE Electron. Lett. Vol. 40 No. 23, 11th November 2004. 4. U. Chakraborty, S. Chatterjee, S. K. Chowdhury, and P. P. Sarkar, "A comact microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 18, 211-220, 2011 http://www.jpier.org/pierc/pier.php?paper=10101205 5. Rohit K. Raj, Monoj Joseph, C.K. Anandan, K. Vasudevan, P. Mohanan, “ A New Compact Microstrip-Fed Dual-Band Coplaner Antenna for WLAN Applications”, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 12, December 2006, pp 3755-3762. 6. Zhijun Zhang, Magdy F. Iskander, Jean-Christophe Langer, and Jim Mathews, “Dual-Band WLAN Dipole Antenna Using an Internal Matching Circuit”, IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag.,VOL. 53, NO. 5, May 2005, pp 1813-1818. 7. J. -Y. Jan and L. -C. Tseng, “ Small planar monopole Antenna with a shorted parasitic inverted-L wire for Wireless communications in the 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz. bands” , IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., VOL. 52, NO. 7, July 2004, pp -1903-1905. 8. Samiran Chatterjee, Joydeep Paul, Kalyanbrata Ghosh, P. P. Sarkar and S. K. Chowdhury “A Printed Patch Antenna for Mobile Communication”, Convergence of Optics and Electronics conference, 2011, Paper ID: 15, pp 102-107. 9. C. A. Balanis, “Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics”, John Wiley and Sons., New York, 1989. 10. Supriya Jana and Moumita Mukherjee “Microstrip Patch Antenna for Microwave Communication: Microstrip Antenna Theory: Modeling and Development”, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (December 25, 2012)-Germany, ISBN: 978-3-659-31336-3. 11. Supriya Jana , Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Sudeshna Dey, Samiran Chatterjee, Arnab Das , Bipa Datta, Moumita Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Chowdhury, “Single Layer Monopole Hexagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Microwave Communication”, International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES), ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821 Volume 1, Issue 4(December 2012), PP.44-48. 12. Supriya Jana, Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Sudeshna Dey, Arnab Das, Bipa Datta, Moumita Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Chowdhury, Samiran Chatterjee, “Single Layer Monopole Hexagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite Television”, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE), ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-2, Issue-6, January 2013, PP.321-324. 13. Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Supriya Jana , Sudeshna Dey, Arnab Das , Bipa Datta, Moumita Mukherjee, Samiran Chatterjee, “Dual-Band Size Deducted Un-Equal Arm Y-Shaped Printed Antenna for Satellite Communication” International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD), e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X , Volume 5, Issue 9 (January 2013), PP. 36-40. 14. Supriya Jana, Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Sudeshna Dey, Arnab Das, Bipa Datta, Moumita Mukherjee, Samiran Chatterjee, “Single Layer Monopole Hexagonal Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite Television”, National Conference on Advancement of Computing in Engineering Research (ACER-13),Article No.-51,PP.19-20,March-2013;Co-sponsored by: IEEE Kolkata Section; Operational Research Society of India(ORSI) Kolkata Chapter; Rural Development Forum Institution of Engineers(India)[IEI]; Publication Partner: Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center(AIRCC), (ISSN:2231-5403); (ISBN:978-1-921987-11-3); DOI:10.5121/csit.2013.3234; CSandIT-CSCP2013; vol.3,No.2,2013; PP.369-375,March 2013. 15. Arnab Das, Bipa Datta, Samiran Chatterjee, Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Supriya Jana, Moumita Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar Chowdhury, “A Compact Multi-resonant Microstrip Antenna”, 13th Biennial National Symposium on Antennas and Propagation 2012 (APSYM 2012), Paper ID: 13102, 2012.Co-sponsored by: IEEE Student Branch, Cochin; UGC;Indian National Science Academy;AICTE;Department of Atomic Energy(Govt. Of India); Department of Science and Technology (Govt. Of India); CSIR (Govt. Of India); KSCSTE (Govt. Of India). Published by The Directorate of Relations and Publications; ISBN: 978-43-80095-40-0; PP.99-102, December 2012. 16. S. M. HANNA+, Siemens Medical Systems-OCS, Concord, CA “Applications of X-Band Technology in Medical Accelerators”, Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference, New York, 1999, pp 2016-2018 17. Zeland Software Inc. IE3D: MoM-Based EM Simulator. Web: http://www.zeland.com/

Accumulating evidence that metabolism of several essential elements is altered in diabetes mellitus (DM) and might have specific roles in the pathogenesis and progress of this disease.1 Data underscore the adverse effects of glucose and insulin on potassium levels and the high incidence of cardiovascular and renal complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus is associated with long term damage and dysfunction of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. These findings have not been comprehensively evaluated in critical reviews.2 Aim: To estimate the serum potassium levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without complications. Setting and Design: A hospital based cross sectional study in the rural setting of Haryana. Material and Methods: 250 subjects were selected, 50 were healthy controls and 200 were taking the treatment for T2DM, including patients with and without complications were recruited from Medicine OPD of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), and their potassium levels were measured and compared. Statistical Analysis: By SPSS version 12{SPSS v12 (Spss Inc; Chicago, IL)}. Results and Conclusion: Subtle changes in serum potassium levels in T2DM as they might have a bearing with disease complications.

1. Badyal A, Pandey R, Sodhi K S, Singh J. Decreased serum magnesium in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014; 4(3)361- 4. 2. Badyal A, Pandey R, Sodhi K S, Singh J. Evaluation of serum magnesium in patients with complicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Biomed Sci 2014:4(7) 588-91. 3. Rodan RA, Cheng JC, Huang CL. Recent advances in distal tubular potassium handling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300(4): 821-27. 4. Nichols CG, Ho K, Heberts S. Mg(2+) dependent inward rectification of ROMK1 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J Physiol (Lond). 1994; 476: 399-409. 5. Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia the disease of the month. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999; 10: 1616-22. 6. Whang R, Whang DD, Ryan MP. Refractory potassium depletion: A consequence of Magnesium deficiency. Arch Intern Med1992; 152: 40-45. 7. Heinza Y, Hara S, Arase Y, Saito K, Tsuji H, Kodama S, et al. Low serum potassium and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Toramon Hospital Health management Center. Diabetologia 2011; 54: 762-66. 8. Powers CA. Diabetes mellitus. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo BL, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 17th editiion. United States of America (New York): Mc Graw Hill Company, Inc; 2008, p. 2275-2304. 9. Phillipou G, James Sk, Seaborn CJ, Phillips PJ. Screening of microalbuminuria by use of rapid, low-cost colorimetric assay. Clinical Chemistry 1989; 35: 456-58. 10. Basak A. Development of a rapid and inexpensive plasma glucose estimation by two point kinetics method based on glucose –oxidase-peroxidase enzymes. Indian J Clin Biochem 2007; 22(1): 156-60. 11. Ion- selective membrane electrode for clinical for clinical use. Available from http://www.kinghawtech.com/china. 12. Cohn NJ, Kowey PP, Whelton KP, Prisant ML. New guidelines for potassium replacement in clinical practice. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2429-36.

Groundwater is an important natural resource, crucial to rural and agricultural development in Maharashtra. In the State about 70% of the rural population depends on groundwater for drinking and agricultural use. The incidences of crop failure and decline in agriculture production are common in the State. Development of groundwater resources is mainly for agriculture use and uncontrolled extraction of groundwater has resulted in severe scarcity of water, both for drinking and irrigation. In absence of any effective policy measures, groundwater in many parts of the State are plagued with water scarcity, in-equitable distribution of water and environmental degradation. Presently groundwater rights are attached to the land of the farmer and as such there is no control on groundwater extraction. It has been recognized that farmers need to be provided with knowledge on the availability of groundwater resources and decide how to manage it through self regulatory measures. The Aquifer Level Groundwater Management has focused on the management of groundwater by the community and has achieved the behavioral change leading to voluntary self regulations for reducing extraction and misuse of groundwater. In the present case, government agencies and non govt. organizations has shared the technical data with the community and provided input to improve their skill to collect technical data such as rainfall and groundwater level and has nurtured the community institutions for local governance of groundwater use.

1. CGWB, Groundwater Information of Jalna District, 1647/DBR/2010, Ministry of Water Resources, pp-4-5, 2010. 2. Drinking water scarcity report of Aurangabad Region (Unpublished document of GSDA, Aurangabad region, Aurangabad). 3. Groundwater Resources and Development Potential of Jalna district, Maharashtra. (CGWB, Central Region, Nagpur 2001). 4. Karanth KR Ground water assessment, development and management. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 720 pp.1999. 5. Reappraisal Hydrogeological surveys in parts of Godavari Basin, Jalna District, Maharashtra. (CGWB, Central Region, Nagpur 2001). 6. Report on the Dynamic ground water resources of Maharashtra (2007-2008 Directorate, GSDA, Pune). 7. Systematic Hydrogeological Studies in Parts of Godavari Basin, Jalna and Parbhani District, Maharashtra (CGWB, Central Region, Nagpur 2001). 8. Todd, D.K. Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, New York,, 1980. 9. User centered aquifer level groundwater management pilot in Jalna district (Unpublished document GSDA, Jalna). 10. Water security plan of Jalna District (Unpublished document of GSDA, Jalna).

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus presents potential risk factor for development of macro and microvascular complications because of certain metabolic as well as clinicodemographic variables. The association of uric acid with such parameters in diabetic environment is highly complex and inconclusive, which forms the basis of our study. Materials and Methods: OPD based cross sectional study including 100 cases of T2DM and 100 controls evaluated in a stepwise manner. Results were assessed by appropriate statistical software. Observations and Results: Significant difference was noted in mean values of age, SBP, BMI WHR, BSL and UA between cases and controls (P< 0.05); while DBP was not significant high compared to controls (P =0.12). The number of males, smokers, alcoholics, physically inactive and mixed dietarians was high in cases compared to controls. Mean duration of diabetes was 6.7+1.1 years. Hyperuricemia was observed 51 cases, with a mean level of 8.8+1.7 mg%. Cases in hyperuricemic group were comparatively aged, with high BP, BMI and WHR than those with normal/ low UA. WHR showed strongest positive correlation with UA, while BSL and duration of diabetes showed negative correlation. The impact of central obesity shown by WHR is profound than general obesity shown by BMI. Inverse relationship of uric acid with duration of diabetes and blood glucose level shows uricosuric effect of glucose on kidneys. Conclusion: Impact of demographic and clinical variables on metabolic parameters like uric acid in diabetic settings often remains underevaluated in practice. Uric acid level in a patient is rather an ultimate outcome of several factors which must be taken into consideration before any precise causality is established.

1. Hayden M., Tyagi S. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus a vascular disease (atheroscleropathy) with hyperglycemia a late manifestation? The role of NOS, NO, and redox stress. Cardiovascular Diabetology 2003, 2. 2. Rodrigues S., Baldo M., Capingana D., Magalhães P., Dantas E., Molina M., et al. Gender Distribution of Serum Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Population Based Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011. (Online). 3. Shabana S., Sireesha M., Satyanarayana U. Uric Acid in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Hypertension. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. Sept 2012; 6(7): 1140-43. 4. Meisinger C., Doring A., Stockl D., Thorand B., Bernd Kowall B., Rathmann W. Uric Acid Is More Strongly Associated with Impaired Glucose Regulation in Women than in Men from the General Population: The KORA F4-Study. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(5): e37180. 5. Park K. Obesity. Preventive and social medicine. 20th edition. Jabalpur (India): Bhanot; 2009; 345-49. 6. Causevic A., Semiz S., Macic Dzankovic A., Cico B., Dujic T., Malenica M., et al. Relevance Of Uric Acid In Progression Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2010; 10 (1): 55-59. 7. Rao S., Sahayo B. A Study of Serum Uric Acid In Diabetes Mellitus And Pre- Diabetes in a South Indian Tertiary Care Hospital. Nitte University Journal of Health Science. Jun 2012; 2 (2):18-23. 8. Zoppini G., Targher G., Negri C., Stoico V., Perrone F., Muggeo M., et al. Elevated serum Uric Acid Concentrations Independently Predict Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Care. Sept 2009; 32 (9): 1716-20.

Neurofibromatosis is a rare genetic disorder primarily affecting the tissues developed from the neural crest. It has two distinct types, Neurofibromatosis type I and Neurofibromatosis type II (NF1 and NF2). Bilateral Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas), cafe au lait spots over the extremities and a history of first degree relative with the same disease are some of the characteristics of NF1. Secondary glaucomas along with ectropion uvea is also common. NF type II is characterized by bilateral acoustic neuromas and cataracts. Here we report a case of a 25 yr old female having neurofibromatosis type I involving the right upper eyelid, the extremeties and the iris of both eyes.

1. Jack J Kanski Brad Bowling’s Clinical ophthalmology, 7th edition, chapter 19, neurofibromatosis, pg no. 854. 2. Albert and Jakobiec’s Principles and practice of ophthalmology, 2nd edition, volume 6, section 18 ocular oncology, chapter phakomatoses, pg np 5117. 3. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference: Neurofibromatosis. Arch neurol Chicago 45:575, 1988. 4. Smith B, English FP: classical eyelid border sign of neurofibromatosis. Br J Ophthalmol 54:134, 1970.

Scrub typhus is an endemic disease in tropical countries. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in scrub typhus carries a high mortality. Scrub typhus in pregnancy is an uncommon occurrence which carries a significant risk to the mother and fetus. Drug of choice for scrub typhus is Doxycycline or Chloramphenicol, however these drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy. The drug of choice in pregnancy is Azithromycin. Here we are reporting a case of 22 weeks primigravida admitted with scrub typhus (Confirmed by ELISA) and ARDS who did not adequately respond to Azithromycin. However she made complete recovery with addition of Rifampicin and continued her pregnancy.

1. Mathai E, Rolain JM, Verghese GM, et al. Outbreak of scrub typhus in southern India during the cooler months. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990:359-64. 2. Brown GW. Scrub typhus; pathogenesis and clinical syndrome. In: Walker ed. Biology of rickettsial disease. Vol 1. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1988;93–100. 3. McClain JB, Joshi B, Rice R. Chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and ciprofloacin against murine scrub typhus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988;- 32:285–6. 4. Tsay RW, Chang FY. Serious complications in scrub typhus. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 1998;31:240-42 5. McClain JB, Joshi B, Rice R, 1988. Chloramphenicol, gentamicin,and ciprofloxacin against murine scrub typhus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32: 285–286 6. Choi EK, Pai H. Azithromycin therapy for scrub typhus during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 1538-9 7. YS Kim, HJ Lee, M Chang, SK Son, et al - Scrub typhus during pregnancy and its treatment: a case series and review of the literature, Am J Trop Med Hyg, November 2006 vol. 75no. 5955-959 8. E Mathai, JM Rolain, L Verghese et al -Case reports: scrub typhus during pregnancy in India, Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg (September-October 2003) 97 (5):570-572. 9. Suntharasaj T, Janjindamai W, Krisanapan S. Pregnancy with scrub typhus and vertical transmission: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 1997; 23: 75-8.

A 30 years old women presented with painful nodule in the 8’o clock position of the labia majora. There was a history of episiotomy 12 months back. The nodule was subsequently developed and there is history of cyclic pain. Treated successfully with complete excision

1. Sampson JA. Perforating hemorrhagic (chocolate) cysts of the ovary: their importance and especiallytheir relation to pelvic adenomas of endometrialtype. Arch Surg 1921; 3:245. 2. Ridley JH. The histogenesis of endometriosis. Areview of facts and fancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv1968; 23:1-35. 3. Dmowski WP, Steele RW, Baker GF. Deficient cellularimmunity in endometriosis. IS J Obstet Gynecol1981; 141:377- 83. 4. Dmowski WP, Radwanska E. Current concepts onpathology, histogenesis and etiology of endometriosis.Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand [Suppl] 1984;123:29-33. 5. Simpson JL, Elias S, Malinak RL, Buttram VC Jr.Heritable aspects of endometriosis. I. Genetic studies.IS J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137:327-31. 6. Koninckx PR, Ide P, Vandenbroucke W, Brosens IA.New aspects of the pathophysiologyJof endometriosisand associated infertility. J Reprod Med 1980; 24:257-60. 7. Schickele M. Quoted by Prince LN, Abrams j. 8. Sayfan J, Benosh L, Segal M, Orda R. Endometriosis in episiotomyscar with anal sphincter involvement. Report of a case.Dis. Colon Rectum 1991; 34: 713–16. 9. William h. Isbister. Endometriosis in an episiotomy scar precedingpelvic endometriosis. ANZ J. Surg. 2002; 72: 314–315. 10. Prince LN, Abrams J. Endometriosis of the perineum:review of the literature and case report. IS J ObstetGynecol 1957; 73:890-3. 11. Murray RR. Endometriosis of an episiotomy scar. USArmed Forces MedJ 1959; 10:1463-8. 12. Stingl A. An unusual case of endometriosis in aperineal scar. Klin Med (Wien) 1960; 15:325-9. 13. Trampuz V. Endometriosis of the perineum: areport of 5 new cases. IS J Obstet Gynecol 1962; 84:1522- 5. 14. Binder SS. Endometriosis of the vulva and perineum.Pacif Med Surg 1965; 73:294-6. 15. Beischer NO. Endometriosis of an episiotomy scarcured by pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1966; 28:15-21. 16. McGivney J, Mazuji MK. Endometriosis of episiotomyscars: case report. Am Surg 1966; 32:469-71. 17. Cheleden J. Endometriosis of the perineum: reportof two cases. South Med J 1968; 61:1313-4. 18. Ramsey WH. Endometrioma involving the perianaltissues: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 1971; 14:366-7. 19. Paull T, Tedeschi LG. Perineal endometriosis at thesite of episiotomy scars. Obstet Gynecol 1972; 40:28-34. 20. Gordon PH, Schottler JL, Balcos EG, Goldberg SM.Perianal endometrioma: report of five cases. DisColon Rectum 1976; 19:260-5. 21. Hambrick E, Abcarian H, Smith D. Perineal endometriomain episiotomy incisions: clinical features andmanagement. Dis Colon Rectum 1979; 22:550-2. 22. Lekin M. Endometriosis in an episiotomy scar. MealPregl 1981; 34:171-2. 23. Ljubojevic N, Trosic A, Varnai M. Endometriosis inan episiotomy scar. Jugosl Ginekol Opstet 1981; 22:129-30. 24. Wittich AC. Endometriosis in an episiotomy scar:review of the literature and report of case. J AmOsteopath Assoc 1982; 82:22-3.

Mucormycosis is a rare but rapidly progressive opportunistic fungal infection. It is most often reported in patients with diabetes mellitus especially in the setting of ketoacidosis, but growing number of cases of mucormycosis are reported in patients with hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma. We report a case of a 43 year old diabetic lady who presented with Diabetic ketoacidosis and was found to have sino-orbital mucormycosis and acute myeloid leukemia. In spite of the unusual combination of two confounding risk factors, we managed to successfully treat both mucormycosis and acute myeloid leukemia in this patient.

1. Pak J, Tucci VT, Vincent A, Sandin RL, Greene JN. Mucormycosis in immunochallenged patients. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2008; 1(2): 106–113. 2. Morrison VA, McGlave PB. Mucormycosis in the BMT population. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1993; 11:383–8. 3. Marty FM, Cosimi LA, Baden LR. Breakthrough zygomycosis after voriconazole treatment in recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplants. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350:950–2. 4. Funada H, Matsuda T. Pulmonary mucormycosis in a hematology ward. Intern Med. 1996; 35:540–4. 5. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: A review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41:634–53. 6. Kara IO, Tasova Y, Uguz A, Sahin B. Mucormycosis-associated fungal infections in patients with haematologic malignancies. Int J Clin Pract. 2007; 63:134–139. 7. Frater JL, Hall GS, Procop GW. Histologic features of zygomycosis: Emphasis on perineural invasion and fungal morphology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2001; 125:375–8. 8. Prabhu RM, Patel R. Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: A review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004; 10:31–47. 9. Spellberg B, Walsh TJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Edwards J Jr, Ibrahim AS: Recent advances in the management of mucormycosis: from bench to bedside. Clin Infect Dis 48 : 1743-1751, 2009 10. Yoon YK, Kim MJ, Chung YG, Shin IIY. Successful treatment of a case with Rhino-Orbital-Cerebral mucormycosis by the combination of neurosurgical intervention and the sequential use of Amphotericin B and Posaconazole. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2010;47 :74-77.

Schwannomas or neurilemomas are relatively less frequent benign tumors; however, intraosseous schwannomas are even rarer benign tumours of the bones with characteristic radiological and histological features. Though the most common site for intraosseous neurilemmoma is the mandible, we hereby present a case of 18 year old male having femoral diphyseal neurilemmoma managed with wide excision, grafting and internal fixation.

1. Craig S. Roberts, Joseph Fetto, neurilemmoma in distal part of thigh; jbjs1989. 2. Goyal R, Saikia UN, Vashishta RK, Gulati G, Sharma RK. Intraosseous schwannoma of the frontal bone. Pubmed Orthopedics. 2008 Mar; 31(3):281. 3. H. N. Seth, B. D. P. Rao and P. M. L. kathapalia, neurilemmoma of bone, JBJS VOL. 45 B, NO. 2, MAY 1963. 4. Issac J, Shyamkumar NK, Karnik SV, Intraosseus shwannoma, J Postgrad Med June 2004 Vol 50 Issue 2. 5. Fawcett KJ, Dahlin DC. Neurilemmoma of bone. Am J Clin Pathol 1967; 47:759-66. 6. Gross P, Bailey FR, Jacox HW. Primary intramedullary neurofibroma of the humerus.Arch Pathol 1939; 28:716-8. 7. DeSanto DA, Burgess E. Primary and secondary neurilemmoma of bone. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1940; 71:454-61. 8. Mutema GK, Sorger J. Intraosseous schwannoma of the humerus. Skeletal Radiol 2002; 31:419-21. 9. Samter TG, Vellios F, Shafer WG. Neurilemmoma of bone: report of three cases with review of the literature. Radiology 1960; 75:215-22. 10. Hietanen J, Mattila K, Calonius PE, Ankkuriniemi O, Suonpaa J, Happonen RP. Central neurilemmomas of the mandible. Report of a case. Int J Oral Surg 1984; 13:166-71. 11. Takeyama M, Koshino T, Nakazawa A, Nitto H, Nakamura J, Saito T. Giant intrasacral cellular schwannoma treated with high sacral amputation. Spine 2001; 26:E216-9. 12. Stout AP. The peripheral manifestations of the specific nerve sheath tumor (neurilemoma). Am J Cancer 1935; 24:751-96.

Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) have emerged as a major global public health problem of this century and are now recognised as a veritable neglected pandemic. The problem is so severe that, by 2020, it is projected that road traffic disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost will move from being the ninth leading cause to the third in the world and the second leading cause in developing countries. Accidents occur not only due to ignorance but also due to carelessness, thoughtlessness and over confidence. Human, vehicular and environmental factors play a role before, during and after RTAs. Road traffic injuries are partially predictable and hence preventable1. The World Health Organization’s Global Status Report on Road Safety highlighted that more people die in RTAs in India than anywhere else in the world, including the more populous China2. A better understanding of the common factors implicated in RTAs is the need of the hour owing to its dreadful nature. The present study attempts to describe the pattern of road traffic accidents and the various factors influencing it in a tertiary care hospital in Kanchipuram district of Tamilnadu.

Singh, Anu Bhardwaj. An Epidemiological Study of Road Traffic Accident Cases at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Rural Haryana. Cross Sectional Study. Indian journal of community health 2011;23(1):53-55 2. Dash DK. India leads world in road deaths: WHO. The Times of India Aug 17; 2009. 3. Ganveer GB, Tiwari RR. Injury pattern among non-fatal road traffic accident cases: A cross-sectional study in Central India. Indian J Med Sci 2005; 59:9-12. 4. Jha N, Agarwal CS. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases: A study from Eastern Nepal. Regional Health Forum WHO South East Region 2004; 8(1). 5. Mishra B, Sinha ND, Sukhla SK, Sinha AK. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases from Western Nepal. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35:115-21. 6. Tiwary RR, Ganveer GB. A study on human risk factors in non fatal road traffic accidents at Nagpur. IJPH 2008; 52(4):197-99. 7. Patil SS, Kakade RV, Durgawale PM, Kakade SV. Pattern of road traffic injuries: a study from Western Maharastra. IJCM 2008; 33(1):56-7. 8. Jha N, Srinivasa DK, Roy G, Jagdish S. Epidemiological study of road traffic accident cases: a study from south India. Indian J Community Med 2004; 29(1):20-24. 9. Singh H, Dhattarwal SK. Pattern and distribution of injuries in fatal road traffic accidents in Rohtak (Haryana). JIAFM 2004; 26(1):20-23. 10. Malhotra C, Singh MM, Garg S, Malhotra R, Dhaon BK, Mehra M. Pattern and severity of injuries in victims of road traffic crashes attending a tertiary care hospital of Delhi. Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 2005;6(2). 11. Indian Council of Medical research. Report of the project of development of feasibility module for road traffic injuries surveillance. Available from: http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Diability,_Injury_Prevention_and__Rehabilitation_injuries_icmr_report (accessed on 25.6.11). 12. Morais Neto OL, Malta DC, Mascarenhas MD, Duarte EC, Silva MM, Oliveira KB, et al. Risk factors for road traffic injury among adolescents in Brazil: National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE). Cien Saude Colet 2010; 15Suppl 2:3043-52. 13. Road Accidents in India, 2009. Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, New Delhi. 14. Park K. Epidemiology of chronic non communicable disease and conditions,. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 22th ed. Jabalpur: Bhanot Publishers; 2013. P.374-382.