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Objectives: To study the influence of viscosity of blood, percentage diameter stenosis, length of stenosis and cross-sectional area of blood vessel on blood flow dynamics in peripheral (brachial and femoral) artery models using Doppler ultrasound spectral analysis. Methods/Analysis: An experimental study was carried out using an indigenously fabricated Doppler ultrasound compatible blood flow phantom. Doppler frequency spectral analysis was the method used for the study. To study the influence of various factors on blood flow dynamics, brachial and femoral artery models with 25%, 50%, 75% diameter stenosis of 5mm, 10mm lengths and 2cP, 3cP, 4cP viscosity blood mimicking fluids (BMF) were used. To study the influence of the parameters, the change in ratios of Pre and Post stenotic Peak Systolic Velocities (PSV ratio) obtained with respect to change in the parameter were assessed. Findings: The magnitude and pattern of change in the PSV ratio with respect to pre-destined values of viscosity, percentage diameter stenosis, length of stenosis and cross-sectional area of the blood vessel were analysed. Novelty: As the analysis of flow dynamics under such conditions of variability cannot be exercised clinically (as a patient-based study), a model-based experimental study was performed with a cost-effective indigenously fabricated Doppler ultrasound blood flow phantom.

1. Sudha Pattan, P.M. Venkata Sai, Santhosh Joseph, Aruna P, Ravishankar P: An indigenously fabricated Doppler ultrasound blood flow phantom: International Journal of Recent Trends in Science and Technology, April 2015; 14(3); 587-595. 2. Ralph E. Holsworth, Jr. And Jonathan V.Wright: Blood viscosity - the unifying parameter in Cardiovascular disease risk: Holistic primary care, 18:14; Vol.13, 2012. 3. Ajmani RS et al: Hemodynamic changes during aging associated with cerebral blood flow and impaired cognitive function: Neurobiol Aging, 2000 Mar-Apr; 21(2); 257-69. 4. K. Rammnarine et al: Validation of a New Blood-Mimicking Fluid for Use in Doppler Flow Test Objects: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 24. No. 3, 454. 5. Gerhard-Herman et al: Guidelines for Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory Testing: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Vascular Medicine and Biology: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, August 2006; 955-972. 6. Ronald O. Bude, Jonathan M. Rubin: Relationship between the Resistive Index and Vascular Compliance and Resistance: Radiology, 1999; 211; 411-417. 7. D H Evans, W W Barrie, M J Asher, S Bentley and P R Bell: The relationship between ultrasonic pulsatility index and proximal arterial stenosis in a canine model: Circulation Research, 1980; 46; 470-475. 8. Tohoku: Exercise related time course of Pulsatility Index in brachial artery following forearm exercise assessed by Doppler ultrasound: J. Exp. Med. 2004; 203; 241-252. 9. Hoskins PR, Loupas T, McDicken WN: A comparison between the Doppler signals from human blood and artificial blood used in a flow phantom: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, 1990; 16 (2); 141-7. 10. G.A.M. Pop, D.J. Duncker, M. Gardien, P. Vranckx, S. Versluis, D. Hasan, and C.J. Slager: The clinical significance of whole blood viscosity in (cardio)vascular medicine: Neth Heart J. 2002 Dec; 10(12); 512–516. 11. Elif Hande Ozcan et al: The Forgotten Variable of Shear Stress in Mitral Annular Calcification - Whole Blood Viscosity: Med Princ Pract 2015; 24; 444–450.

Twelve isolates were screened for lipases production from hot water spring, Vajreshwari, Thane, Maharashtra on a Nutrient agar and nutrient broth medium consisting of olive oil. The isolate showed highest lipase activity was VIII which later was identified as Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The effect of pH, temperature and substrate concentration was studied on partially purified lipases by ammonium sulphate precipitation from Sphingomonas paucimobilis. The partially purified lipase had maximal activity at pH of 7.The optimum temperature for the hydrolysis of olive oil at 60°C.The lipases has ability to hydrolyse used fried oil. The transesterification activity of lipases was used to synthesis biodiesel. The analysis of synthesized biodiesel was performed by FTIR( Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and free fatty acid content.

1. Ayuob M., Alhamdani Hanaa Jaffer Jabbar Alkabbih:Isolation And Identification Of Lipase Producing Bacteria From Oil-Contaminant Soi:Journal Of Biology, Agriculture And Health care. 2016; Vol.6, No.20 2. Bakir B., Metin K.:Production And Characterization Of An Alkaline Lipase from Thermophilic Anoxybacillus Sp. Hbb16z. :Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q..2017;31 (3) 303–312 3. Bhavani M,Chowdary G, David M, Archana G:Screening, Isolation And Biochemical Characterization Of Novel Lipase Producing Bacteria From Soil Samples: International Journal Of Biological Engineering 2012 4. Bora L.,Bora M.:Optimization Of Extracellular Thermophilic Highly Alkaline Lipase Fromthermophilic Bacillus Sp Isolated From Hotspring Of Arunachal Pradesh, India:Brazilian Journal Of Microbiology.2012; 30-42 5. Chi-Yang Yu, Liang-Yu Huang, I-Ching Kuan,Shiow-Ling Lee:Optimized Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Cooking Oil by Lipase Immobilized On Magnetic Nanoparticles: Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013; 14, 24074-24086 6. Indriati G., Ruth Rize Paas Megahati:Isolation Of Thermophilic Bacteria And Optimizing The Medium Growth:Conditions :https://Doi.Org/10.20546/Ijcmas.2018;701.177 7. Jardine J.,Akebe Luther King Abia, Mavumengwana V., Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa:Phylogenetic Analysis and Antimicrobial Profiles of Cultured Emerging Opportunistic Pathogens (Phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria) Identified in Hot Springs: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017; 14, 1070 8. Kimtuna P, Opas Choonuta,Yunua T.,Paichida N.,Klomkloab S., Sangkharaka K: Biodiesel Production Using Lipase From Oil Palm Fruit As A Catalyst: Energy Procedia.2015; 822 – 826 9. Kotogán A.,Németh B., Vágvölgyi C., PappT., Miklós Takó M.:Screening For Extracellular Lipase Enzymes With Transesterification Capacity In Mucoromycotina Strains.: Food Technol. Biotechno.2014; 52 (1) 73–82. 10. Muhannad I. Massadeh, Fatima M. Sabra:Production And Characterization Of Lipase From Bacillus Stearothermophilus: African Journal Of Biotechnology Vol.2011; 10(61), Pp. 13139-13146 11. N. Saifuddin, A Z. Raziah, H. Nor Farah: Production Of Biodiesel From High Acid Valuewaste Cooking Oil Using An Optimized Lipaseenzyme/Acid-Catalyzed Hybrid Processe; Journal Of Chemistry. 2009;6(S1), S485-S495 12. Natalello A., Ami D,Brocca C., Lotti M., Silvia M. Doglia S:Secondary Structure, Conformational Stability And Glycosylation Of A Recombinant Candida Rugosa Lipase Studied By Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Biochem. J.2005; 385, 511–517 13. Panda1 M.,Sahul M., Kumanandatayung :Isolation And Characterization Of A Thermophilic Bacillus Sp. With Protease Activity Isolated From Hot Spring Of Tarabalo, Odisha:Iranian Journal of Microbiology. 2013; Volume 5 Number 2, 159-165 14. Pimpliskar M.,Vanmali H.,Jadhav R., Menon S: Detection of Industrially Important Thermostable Enzyme of thermophiles Isolated from Hot Water Spring at Vajreshwari,T…: Asian Journalof Microbiology. 2015;Vol. 17,No.(1),205-207 15. Rabelo S, Ferraz V., S. Oliveira L. Franca A.: FTIR Analysis for Quantification of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters in Biodiesel Produced by Microwave-Assisted Transesterification: International Journal of Environmental Science and Development.2015; Vol. 6, No. 12 16. Shahinyan G,Margaryan A.,Panosyanm A.,Trchounian A :Isolation And Characterization Of Lipase-Producing Thermophilic Bacilli From Geothermal Springs In Armenia And Nagorno-Karabakhbiolog: Journal Of Armenia 2015; 2 (67) 17. Shapaval1 V., Afseth N., Vogt G., Kohler A.: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy For The Prediction Of Fatty Acid Profiles In Mucor Fungi Grown In Media With Different Carbon Sources: Microbial Cell Factories. 2014; 13:86 18. Shih-Yi Sheu, Yi-Ling Chen, Wen-Ming Chen: Sphingomonas Fonticola Sp. Nov., Isolated From Spring Wate: International Journal Of Systematic And Evolutionary Microbiology.2015; 65, 4495–4502 19. Tripathia R.,Singha J.,Bhartia R.,Thakura S.:Isolation, Purification And Characterization Of Lipase From Microbacterium Sp. And Its Application In Biodiesel Production :Energy Procedia.2014; 54,518 – 529 20. Willsey G., Wargov M.: Extracellular Lipase And Protease Production From A Model Drinking Water Bacterial community Is Functionally Robust To Absence Of Individual Members: Bacterial Community Exoenzyme Production.November23,2015 21. Youssef M, Mohammed A. Al-Omair, Hassan E. Abd-Elsalam: Isolation And Identification Two Thermophilic And Lipolytic Bacterial Strains From Saudi Arabia Environmentinternational: Journal Of Advanced Research.2014; Volume 2, Issue 9, 217-228. 22. Zouaoui B.,Bouziane B.: Isolation, Optimisation And Purification Of Lipase Production By Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, Optimisation And Purification Of Lipase Production By Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Zouaoui and Bouziane. J Biotechnol Biomaterial.2011.

Background: Urinary tract infections are the second commonest infections in community practice. UTI’s are the foremost common microorganism infections throughout physiological condition. Therefore, Cranberries have been used to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Cranberries contain a substance that can prevent bacteria from sticking on the walls of the bladder. Aims and Objectives: To assess the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infection among post natalmothers. To assess the effectiveness of cranberry juice on urinary tract infection among post-natal mothers. Materials and Methods: A quantitative research approach and a descriptive research design was used. Quasi experimental research study was conducted on 80 postnatal mothers during august and September 2017. Non probability purposive sampling technique was adopted. Results and Conclusion: Cranberries contain 2 compounds with antiadherence properties that prevent fimbriated Escherichia coli from adhering to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract. The findings of present study have been discussed as per the objectives of the study. Cranberry juice was significantly effective on urinary tract infection among post natal mothers. Hence it is concluded that there is significant effect of Cranberry juice on urinary tract infection among post natal mothers.

1. Anonymous. Bacterial Infections: Urinary Tract Infections. The Merck Manual, Sec 17, Ch 227. 2. Agzarian, Alice. Clinical Instruction (Preceptorship). January 2002.9 3. Yee-Lean, L. Does Cranberry Juice Have Antibacterial Activity? JAMA. 2000; 238:1691. 4. DisMonandFoxmanB.intheyear2003Febconductedaresearchon"Epidemiologyofurinarytractinfections:incidence,morbidi'ty,andeconomiccosts." 5. Sobel JD. Pathogenesis of urinary tract infection. Role of host defenses. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997; 11(3):531–49. [PubMed] 6. Svanborg C, Godaly G. Bacterial virulence in urinary tract infection. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1997; 11(3):513–29. [PubMed] 7. Hooton TM. Recurrent urinary tract infection in women. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;17(4):259–68.[PubMed] 8. Russo TA, Johnson JR. Medical and economic impact of extraintestinal infections due to Escherichia coli: focus on an increasingly important endemic problem. Microbes Infect. 2003; 5(5):449–56. [PubMed] 9. Stapleton A. Novel approaches to prevention of urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17(2):457–71. [PubMed] 10. Albert X, Huertas I, Pereiro, Sanfelix J, II, Gosalbes V, Perrota C. Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD001209. [PubMed]

The purpose of this study to know the different shapes of acromion process according to Beglani and Edelson and Traitz on radiographs. For this study 260 radiographs were taken - 200 radiographs of patients having shoulder pain due to impingement and 60 Radiograph of normal patients without shoulder pain. In this study according to Beglani, there were 33 radiographs of Type I, 137 radiographs of type II and 30 radiographs of Type III, Type II radiographs being more in number than Type I and Type III in case of symptomatic patients. In case of normal patients, there were 7 radiographs of Type I, 52 radiographs of type II and 1 radiographs of Type III, Type II radiographs are more in number than Type I and Type III and anatomically Type III acromion process is responsible for impingement. According to Edelson and Traitz classification, 56 radiographs of Cobra shape, 109 radiographs of Intermediate shape and 35 radiographs of Square tip were found in case of shoulder pain patients and in case of normal patients, 4 radiographs of Cobra shape, 47 radiographs of Intermediate shape and 9 radiographs of Square tip were found. In majority of cases Cobra shape acromion is responsible for impingement, also Cobra shape acromion gets rapidly converted into Type III acromion than Square tip and intermediate Shape acromion. Also, we see the Coracoacromial arch distance is very less in Type III acromion than other Type of acromion. According to Beglani, P value is 0.000. According to Edelson and Traitz also P value for coracoacromial arch is 0.001 which ishighly significant. In normal radiographs of patients without shoulder pain p value is not significant.

1. Bigliani LU, Morrison DS: ‘The morphology of the acromion and rotator cuff: importance.Orthopedic Trans’. April EW 1986; 10:228. 2. Bigliani, L. U.; Ticker, J. B.; Flatow, E. L.; Soslowsky, L. J.; and Mow, V. C: ‘The relationship of acromial architecture to rotator cuff disease’. Clin. Sports Med.,1991. 10: 823-838. 3. Banas M P, Miller R J, Totterman S: ‘Relationship between the lateral acromion angle and rotator cuff disease’. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4 (6): 454-61. 4. Edelson JG andTaitzC : ‘Anatomy of the coraco-acromial arch. Relation to degeneration of the acromion’. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992 74: 589–594. 5. Getz JD, Recht MP, Piraino DW, Schils JP, Latimer BM, Jellema LM, Obuchowski NA: ‘Acromial morphology: relation to sex, age, symmetry, and subacromial…enthesophytes’.Radiology.1996 Jun;199(3):737-42. 6. MacGillivray J D, Fealy S, Poootter H G, O’Brien S J:‘Multiplanar analysis of acromion morphology’. Am J Sports Med 1998; 26 (6): 836-40. 7. Maurice Balke, Carolin Schmidt, Nicolas Dedy, Marc Banerjee, Bertil Bouillon, and Dennis Liem: ‘Correlation of acromial morphology with impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears’. ActaOrthopaedica 2013; 84 (2): 178-183. 8. Manish Dwivedi,*, AtulVarshney: ‘study of correlation between bigliani’s acromion types and shoulder problems’:Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Surgery, April – June 2015;2(2);111. 9. Neviaser, T. J.; Neviaser, R. J.; Neviaser, J. S.; and Neviaser, J. S: ‘The four-in-one arthroplasty for the painful arc syndrome’. Clin. Orthop., 163:107-112,1982. 10. Neer, C. S., II: ‘Anterior acromioplasty for the chronic impingement syndrome in the shoulder’. A preliminary report. J. Bone and Joint Surg., 54-A: 41-50,Jan. 1972. 11. Neer, C. S. II: ‘Impingement lesions’. Clin. Orthop., 173: 70-77,1983. 12. Nigar C, KamilK,Can C, Bahadir D, Muzaffer S: ‘Anatomical basics and variation of the scapula in Turkish Adults’. J Should Elbow Surg 2006, 27(9):1320-25. 13. Natsis K, Tsikaras P, Totlis T, Gigis I, Skandlakis P, Appell H.J, Koebke J: ‘Correlation between the four types of acromion and the existence of enthesophytes: A study of 423 dried scapulas’. ClinAnat 2007, 20:267-72. 14. Ozaki J, Fujimoto S, Nakagawa K, Tamai S: ‘Tears of the rotator cuff of shoulder associated with pathological changes in acromion’. A study in cadaver J Bone joint Surg (Am) 1988; 70 (8): 1224-30. 15. Okroro T, Reddy VR, Pimpelnarkar A: ‘Coracoid impingement syndrome: A literature review’. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2009; 2 (1):51–55. 16. Paraskevas G, Tzaveas A, Papaziogas B, Kitsoulis P, Natsis K, Spanidou: ‘Morphological parameters of the acromion’, Folia Morphol (Warsz).2008 Nov;67(4):255-60. 17. Sunita S Waswade, ArunaYadav: ‘A Study of anatomical basis of Coraco-Acromial Arch impingement’. Medpulse- International Medical Journal. May 2017; 4(5): 573-576. 18. SARKAR. K.; TAINE. W. AND UHTHOFF. H. K: ‘The ultra structurethecoraco-acromialLigamentin patients with chronic Impingement syndrome’. Clinicalorthop. And related research; 1990; 254:49-50. 19. Toivonen, D. A.; Tuite, M. J.; and Orwin, J. F.: ‘Acromial structure and tears of the rotator cuff’. J. Shoulder and Elbow Surg., 4: 376-383, 1995. 20. Vahakari M, Leppilahti J, Hyvonen P, Ristiniemi J, Paivansalo M, Jalovaara P: ‘Acromial shape in asymptomatic subjects: a study of 305 shoulders in different age groups’. ActaRadiol 2010; 51 (2): 202-6. 21. Zuckerman, J. D.; Kummer, F. J.; Cuomo, F.; Simon, J.; and Rosenblum, S. Katz N: ‘The influence of the coraco-acromial arch anatomy on rotator cuff tears’. Shoulder and Elbow Surg., 1: 4-14, 1992.

Aim: To observe quality of life in THR patients. Objectives: To observe the quality of life before THR To observe quality of life after THR. To compare pre operative and post operative quality of life in THR Material and Methods: In this study 50 subjects were included as sample size. List of THR subjects was collected from local super specialty hospital. Subjects were communicated through telecommunication media and survey was done. Two questionnaires that are WOMAC and EQ-5D (VAS) were asked of pre and post health status. Results: Before the THR, the mean score of WOMAC was found to be 86.3 and After the THR, the mean score of WOMAC was found to be 39.82 respectively. It also shows extremely significant difference between pre and post scores of WOMAC as the p value is found to be less than 0.05. Before the THR, the mean score of EQ-5D (vas) was found to be 4.18 and After the THR, the mean score of EQ-5D (VAS) was found to be 5.82 respectively. It also shows extremely significant difference between pre and post scores of EQ-5D (VAS) as the p value is found to be less than 0.05. Conclusion: As the post operative scores of WOMAC and EQ-5D(VAS) showed significant improvement in the health outcomes, it can be said that the quality of life improves after THR.

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Metal complexes of Schiff base signify a class of compounds that have become a field of huge interest for chemists all over the world because of their immense therapeutic applications. They show versatile bonding behaviour because of easy variation in steric and electronic structure of Schiff bases by taking appropriate aldehydes/ ketones and amines. This review highlights the up-to-date research on transition metal complexes of Schiff bases emphasizing mainly on their anticancer applications. We present a complete study of structural factors that are responsible for their activity against particular cancer cell lines and the methods used for such study that includes both experimental and theoretical approach. Contemporary strategies will be helpful to the development of new drugs based on the moiety and interactions with various cancer cell lines which lead to the apoptosis.

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Ayurveda has been a part of Indian culture since ages. We often tend to ignore the hidden secrets bestowed on us by our ancestors. There are many amazing Ayurvedic herbs for skin available that helps in improving the texture of skin. It can be used to treat many skin problems like acne, pimples, burns, infections, allergies, rashes, skin wound, insect bites etc. they have anti-fungal, healing, anti-inflammatory and cooling properties. Anulepana is one of the important beauty treatment which helps to reduce skin problems. This paper deals with the references of this Anulepana process in Sanskrit dramas.

1. Agarwal Vasudevsharan-Padmaprabhrutak,Hindi Grantha Ratnakar Karyalay,Mumbai,1959 2. Upadhyay Baladevshastri-Avimarak,Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan,Varanasi,1968 3. Upadhyay Baladevshastri-Nagananda, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi, 1968. 4. Joshi Vijaya-Mricchakatikam, Suyog Prakashan, Amaravati 5. Joshi Y.G-Charaka Sanhita, Vaidyamitra Prakashan, Pune, 200 6. Deshapande Manasi-Bhaishajya kalpana, Tathagat Prakashan,2003 7. Banahatti G.Shri-Malavikagnimitram, Suvichar prakashan,Nagpur,1962 8. Yadavaji Trikamji-Sushrut Sanhita, Chaukhamba Surbharati Prakashan, Varanasi 9. Vahi-Padtadita 10. Valimbe R.S-Abhidyanshakuntalam, Suyog Prakashan,Amaravati,2013 11. Vidyasagar Jeevananda-Balramayan,Chaukhamba Vidyabhavan,Varanasi,1910 12. Sharma Priyavat-Dravyagunavidyana,Anandbhuvan, Jamnagar 13. Sharma Devidatta-Tapasvatsaraj, Sahitya bhandar, Meratha,1969 14. Shastri Shivraj- Ratnavali,Sahitya bhandar,Meratha,1968 15. Shukla Chunnilal-Karpurmanjjari, Sahitya bhandar,Meratha,1972 16. Shukla Brahmananda-Uttarramcharitam,Sahitya bhandar,Meratha,1975 17. Sathe G.V.-Sartha Sharangdharsanita, Raghuvanshi Prakashan,Dadar,1983

Solarphotocatalysis is an important aspect of AOPs for the treatment of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. The photocatalytic activity of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles also prove to be an efficient method for degradation of organic compounds and also have their lethal activity on microbial species. This study aimed at mineralization of phenol in wastewater, its disinfection and detoxification using the photocatalytic activity of ZnO andthe biodegrading ability of phenol degrading organisms. This had been successful in decreasing treatment time, cost effective, environment friendly and increased efficiency. The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized chemically and characterized by UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR. Phenol degrading organisms were isolated and screened from soil sample. The coupled action of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles and phenol degrading microorganisms was studied under solar radiations for five consecutive days. The concentration of phenol analysed was degraded upto 93.4%. The COD and BOD were reduced upto 90.84% and 81.15% respectively. The reduction in TOC from 585 to 137mg/L represents mineralization of phenol and the by-products formed during its degradation. Pot culture and seed germination bioassays showed the reduction in toxicity of phenol after treatment by 60%. Reduction in TVC of coliforms during treatment confirmed lethal effect of ZnO and solar radiations.After treatment the photocatalyst was recovered, regenerated and reused effectively showing no significant reduction in photocatalytic activity and photodegradation of phenol.

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Non communicable chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension and cardio vascular diseases are increasing among the adult population all over the world. In India there is increased susceptibility to diabetes mellitus and these patients are at increased risk to develop coronary heart disease (CHD). Hypertension is also one of the major cause for myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure and cerebrovascular accidents. Dyslipedimia is one of the strong risk factor for CHD. Among the dyslipidemia, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)] is strongly associated with myocardial infarction and it is genetically linked also. In this study serum Lp (a) level was compared in 50 young adults with family history of hypertension /diabetes mellitus (group 1) and 50 young adults without family history of hypertension /diabetes mellitus (group 2). Result: Lp(a) level was significantly elevated(p value = 0.000) in group 1 subjects when compared to group 2. Conclusion: This present study indicates the importance of lipoprotein (a) estimation and follow up study to identify the risk of dyslipidemia and development of CHD in our population.

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Recycle and reuse are the best options to deal with water scarcity. An attempt is made to reuse greywater after giving low cost effective treatment with the help of vermifilter. Vermifilter is an emerging technology in which combined action of earthworm activity and the adsorption properties of material like soil, sand and gravel particles on the organic pollutants applied for greywater treatment. The present study addresses performance evaluation of a laboratory scale vegetated vermifilter system comprising of settling tank, sand-gravel filter (SGF), Laterite soil vegetated filter (LSVF) and laterite soil vegetated vermifilter(LSVVF) for the treatment of greywater. The sequential batch experiments were conducted in a pilot scale experimental set-up. The Organic loading rate (OLR) was varied from 20 to 140 kg BOD/ha/d and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) used was from 0.50,1,2 and 3 d. The BOD5 removal efficiency was found to be in the range 15–30%, 48–60 %, and 70-80 for 3 d HRT in SGF, LSVF and LSVVF respectively. The efficiency of the system for BOD5 removal was observed to be 75–85% at 3 d HRT. The effluent can be recycled and used for non-potable purposes in a household. The developed system is a potential option for the decentralized wastewater treatment in developing country like India.

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Thyroid disorders are common in India population. This study aimed at synthesized population based studies on prevalence of thyroid diseases in India. General database and subject’s specific database were searched for primary studies. Manuscript of appropriate studies was retrieved. Based on some criteria, only eligible studies were included in this study. Combined estimate and confidence interval of the result were obtained by Mata analysis. The prevalence of thyroid diseases was 18.75% and with the 95 % confidence interval of (CI: 21.20%-16.32%). This study showed that prevalence of thyroid diseases is high in India. There is need to developed strategies to prevent, treat and control the thyroid diseases effectively in India

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Prevalence and follow–up of abnormal thyrotrophin(TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).1991:34:77-83. 7. Zimmerman MB. Iodine deficiency. Endocr. Rev. 2009:30(4):376-408. 8. Flynn RV, MacDonald TM, Morris A D. The thyroid epidemiology audit and research study; Thyroid dysfunction in the general population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2004: 89:3879-84. 9. Marwaha R, Tandon N, Ganie M, Kanwar R, Sastr A, Garg MK, Bhadra K, Singh S. Status of Thyroid Function in Indian Adults: Two Decades After Universal Salt Iodization. JAPI.2012:60:32-37. 10. Heuck CC, Kallner A, Kanagasabapathy AS, Riesen W. Diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of the thyroid. 2004, WHO Document (WHO/DIL /00.4) on 11. Cooper DS. Clinical practice: Subclinical Hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:260-265. 12. Smithson MJ. Screening for thyroid dysfunction in a community population of diabetic patients. Diabet Med.1998:15(2):148-150. 13. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JT, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in Meta-analysis”. BMJ. 2003:327:557-560 14. Sharma D, Sharma N, Sharma P, Porwal R, Sharma N, Jayesh M. Incidence of thyroid malignancy among goitrous thyriod swellings in Rajasthan.World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.2013:3:1727-733. 15. Jailkhani R, Shivashankara AR, Patil VS. A hospital-based study of the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir state of India. Int J of Med Sci and Public Health.2015:4(2).1-4 16. NambiarV, Jagtap VS, Sarathi V, Anurag AL, Kumar KS, Bandgar TR, Padmavathy SM, Shah N S. Prevalence and Impact of thyroid disorder on the maternal outcome in Asian–India pregnant women. Journal of Thyroid Research.2011:3:01-06 17. Josi. Incidence of Hypothyroidism In Women Of Reproductive Age Group In Raichur, Karnataka – A Study Based On Thyroid HormoneProfiling.2011.https://jemds.com/data_pdf/incidence%20of%20hypothyroidism%20in%20women%20of%20reproductive%20age%20in%20women%20of%20raichur%20-%20a%20study%20based%20on%20thyroid%20hormone%20profiling.pdf 18. Nandyala V, Gandiah P, Sivarajappa P, Indira G. Thyroid Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Recent Trends in Science And Technology.2013:9:250-255. 19. Haamid B, Farooq R, Bhat M, Majid S. Increased prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in females in mountainousvalley of Kashmir.Indian J Endocrinol Metab.2013:17(2):276–280. 20. Jayshree J, Bhai. Ismail Studies on Human Thyroid disorders based upon Assay of TSH and Thyroid Hormones in Ujjain, MP, India. ISCA Journal of Biological Sciences.2012:1(2):43-47. 21. Tayal D, Goswami B, Gupta N, Chawla R, Gupta V, Singh B, Chawla A. 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The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is an important sanitary pest. It is cosmopolitan and abundant in homes and other human installations. Besides contaminating the places they live in with their excrements and exuviae, they are the mechanical vectors for a number of human pathogenic microorganisms and also produce allergens. The food items are contaminated by the in and around movements of German cockroaches which become unsuitable for the human consumption. Proteins are the characteristic components of the tissues which play a major role in morphogenetic events. The quantitative estimation of the proteins in the fatbody, haemolymph and ovary of nymphs and the adult was carried out to show their interrelationship. Anti gonadotropic action of Eugenol with (+)-O-Methylarmepavine on Blatella germanica was studied in the fatbody, haemolymph and the ovarian proteins during the morphogenetic development.

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Groundwater is the most important water resources in modern water supply and its quality is the determining factor, especially for the groundwater supply under extreme events. Groundwater quality survey was carried out in Uttar Mand sub-basin of Krishna River Basin, Maharashtra, India, which is a famous for sugarcane cultivation. The result shows that the distribution of major ions in the groundwater as Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > B. The influences of agricultural fertilizers and irrigation practices are the reason for increasing trends of NO3- ions in the groundwater from studied area. According to the drinking water quality standards, the groundwater is not suitable for drinking with reference to the concentrations of total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+ and B in many locations. Based on the parameters mentioned above (Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Residual Soluble Carbonate and Permeability Index), the groundwater quality is assessed and the overall irrigation qualities of wells are demarcated as suitable for irrigation.

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